Migration in United Kingdom Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Migration in United Kingdom - Essay Example However, asylum seekers cannot be mistaken for refugees. In the year 2002, it was found that from 84, 130 applications 10 percent were refugees, 24 percent were granted exceptional level and the remaining amount were refused both.( McConnachie 2005) This paper would seek to analyze the role of the immigration policies in regard to the asylum seekers. At present, the United Kingdom is facing a major crisis in regard to illegal immigration. In fact, from the year 19991 to the year 2001 alone, immigration made up more than half of Britain's population growth. An institute for Public Policy Research study of the 2001 census calculated a 2.2 m rise, including 1.14 m born abroad. Westminster is recognized as the official law making authority regarding matters such as immigration and asylum issues in regard to Britain and those that happen outside the European Union enabling control and allowing control over the borders. The United Kingdom provides an automatic right to asylum as it has signed the UN convention. A lengthy legal process has to be initiated in order for the determination of the status of application. However in order to ensure that the process becomes more simpler and allows the honest applicant s to actually gain the right to have the status of asylum seeking, this automatic right has to be waived or done away with. An important distinction as to be made between asylum seekers and refugees- Refugees are those people who have be granted this special status by the country in which they have sought asylum. The current population in the United Kingdom alone of refugees is about 2 percent of the total world refugees. These people have UN traveling documents and have the same basic rights as the U.K. citizens in terms of traveling and the basic service. Hence, it is quite difficult to figure out exactly how many are at present in the U.K. Another type of immigrants are illegal immigrants who at presently are several thousands according to a survey by carried out recently. These people are those who are employed in the unregulated economy of U.K. Besides encouraging the international human traffickers and smugglers, it is resulting in pushing down the lower skilled jobs wags due to an excess supply. Hence, creating cultural cases as the British feel that their jobs are being threatened by the influx of these illegal immigrants. An Act; the Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 regulates the ways of tackling these illegal immigrants. Those employers who would hire these people would be severely fined and a smart card provision is being considered in order to remove the chances of illegal immigrants being allowed to work. However, whether this has been a successful policy can be seen from the number of cases which are reported daily as deported ones. U.K. needs to review its current policy and make it much more stringent in order to make it so unfavorable that no immigrant would consider U.K. a safe haven. While it has been generally notified that asylum seekers are those people who are victims of crime and injustice-however, in several cases that has not been the case. There are many people who come to U.K. illegally, seek work in the unregulated circles and when are discovered, claim to be asylum seekers. Others are those

Gatsby Automobile Essay Essay Example for Free

Gatsby Automobile Essay Essay There are many different themes, images, and symbols in Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby that render great importance to the development of the story. One particular image and symbol seen throughout Fitzgerald’s novel that acts as a major contributor to the plot is the automobile. The image of the automobile can be seen in relation with any of the characters in the novel who involve themselves in with driving an automobile or even simply talking about an automobile. Two characters in the novel that Fitzgerald uses to portray the images and symbols of the automobile are Tom Buchannan and Jay Gatsby. These two automobile owners are created into the strongest conductors of Fitzgerald’s imagery and symbolism throughout the novel. The automobile can be seen as representing a few different types of images and symbols. A possible symbol of the automobile may stand for the respective automobile owner’s status in society. Almost all automobiles in the nineteen-twenties were black and just about as plain as could be. These black automobiles were owned by all those who could just barely afford an automobile, to those who were average, middle class people, to the extremely wealthy who could easily afford three or four automobiles. What makes this piece of history so important is the fact that Fitzgerald gives both Tom and Gatsby brightly colored automobiles. The personalities of these two characters effortlessly magnifies the showiness and in Gatsby’s case, gaudiness. Gatsby’s absolutely obnoxious Rolls Royce is â€Å"a rich cream color, bright with nickel, swollen here and there in its monstrous length with triumphant hat-boxes and supper-boxes and tool-boxes, and terraced with a labyrinth of windshields that mirrored a dozen suns. † No one in the nineteen-twenties had such an untasteful looking automobile that Gatsby. One obvious and straightforward possible explanation for Gatsby’s hideous automobile is that he wants to show off his wealth, status, and â€Å"success† in his many trades. Another not so obvious reason for this hideous yellow automobile could be an image produced by Fitzgerald to try to illustrate Gatsby’s need to reach out and grasp Daisy’s attention. Unfortunately, because Gatsby was formerly a much lower class man, living on a farm out west with his family, his wealth and riches cannot buy him any class or style. A very similar situation can be seen with Tom Buchannan and his automobiles. He too, is very showy and flashy in his actions to show the world his possessions. Tom, like Gatsby, has an unusual colored car. This blue automobile is a symbol of wealth, status, and riches, just like Gatsby, but it can represent another image. Every single time Tom heads over to Wilson’s Garage for some gas or to see Myrtle, Wilson asks Tom about purchasing his old automobile. Tom plainly and seemingly without thinking puts the topic off to the side as if it wasn’t important and he didn’t want to talk about it. Sadly for Wilson, the automobile in a sense symbolizes Myrtle. Tom pushes the car aside as if it didn’t matter much at all to him, just like he uses Myrtle and makes all those empty promises to her about trying to divorce Daisy and being together forever. The images and symbols throughout The Great Gatsby create many dimensions to such a superb plot and character development. These amazing images set up by Fitzgerald give the novel a complete feel of full development. Fitzgerald ties in all the different elements of the story by using the one simple entity of the automobile.

New Trends and the Evaluation of Scholarship :: Essays Papers

New Trends and the Evaluation of Scholarship Introduction The advancement of information and communication technologies over the past decade, particularly the growth of the Internet, the World Wide Web (Web), and email, have had an impact on how scholarship is conducted and are re-defining many aspects of scholarly communication. Interdisciplinarity, collaboration, and disintermediation are three aspects of scholarly communication that are on the increase as a result of the advancement of information and communication technology. The trend towards increased interdisciplinary and collaborative scholarship, combined with the disintermediation of traditional journal publishers and publishing as more scholarship is made directly available electronically, make the evaluation of scholarship more difficult. This paper will briefly examine these trends, the advancement of new technology, and how they may effect the evaluation of scholarship. Backgound Changes in scholarly communication and the evaluation of scholarship are discussed in this paper in the context of several concepts. Operationalizing the key concepts used in this discussion results in the following definitions. Scholarship is both the work, and the result of the work, performed by scholars to produce new information to be added to a body of knowledge. The addition of scholarly work to a body of knowledge is accomplished by communicating, usually in writing, either in print or digital format, the findings produced by scholarship to the wider, usually academic, community. Borgman (2000) defines scholarly communication as â€Å"†¦the study of how scholars in any field†¦use and disseminate information through formal and informal channels† (p. 144). Evaluating scholarship entails examining the written results of scholarly work, but it also includes examination of the methods and procedures used to produce that work. Interdisciplinarity refers to the increasing trend of scholars to participate in research and publication activities with other scholars outside of their own academic discipline. Webster’s online defines discipline as â€Å"a branch of knowledge or teaching; the subject matter of instruction† (Webster’s, 2003). â€Å"Interdisciplinarity is a term which refers to the integration of concepts across different disciplines† (Wikipedia, 2003). The most complete definition found was one quoted in Lattuca (2002) and specifies the different types of interdisciplinary actions that are at the core of interdisciplinarity. Interdisciplinary – An adjective describing the interaction among two or more different disciplines. This interaction may range from simple communication of ideas to the mutual integration of organizing concepts, methodology, procedures, epistemology, terminology, data, and organization of research and education in a fairly large field. An

Discipline in School Essay

Discipline is very important in a civilized life. Discipline can be defined as control over one’s desires and obedient’ to codes of behavior. If there is no discipline, there is confusion everywhere. Discipline is of great importance in school and at home. If there is no discipline in schools, it is not possible to imp education effectively. It is necessary to maintain law an order in the society. There should be discipline at home also. Children must be taught self-control. Parents themselves should keep discipline. Children should be taught the value discipline in childhood. A country cannot face extern wars if its armed forces are not disciplined . Unfortunately, there are not much discipline today schools, colleges and government offices. That is w India is facing many problems . Discipline is necessary for people in all walks folia Students studying in schools and colleges, Define personnel, industrial workers – all must have disciple Only then a nation can progress| A student needs to be very punctual to his routine. He should be very regular and sincere to his studies. He should be hard working. He should always be ready and active in various other extracurricular activities. He should remain active and smart. He should learn how to face difficult situations and how to win over them. A student is the future of the country. It is he who has to take the responsibility of the country. He should be healthy and fit. Physical education is as important for students as to be studious and sincere at studies. A student should always be in good health and fitness. For this he should get up early in the morning. He should take exercise daily. He should play game of his choice daily. It is well known that a healthy body has a healthy mind. He is mind will be strong and sharp only when he is physically strong, fit and healthy. The biggest task of a student is to study. A student should be very devoted and sincere to his studies. He should be very punctual. He should know the importance of time. He should regularly do his home work. He should have an urge to learn new things. He should have respect for his teachers and elders. He should be very cooperative with his friends. He should help the needy. Discipline demands self-control and dedication. One who cannot control himself cannot control others. He has to dedicate his individuality in the larger interest of society. Discipline is a virtue. It needs to be cultivated from early childhood. It cannot be developed overnight. It takes time and requires patience. When discipline is enforced, it fails to bring the desired result. True essence of discipline is lost when it is enforced . Student life is the formation period of life. The foundation of adulthood is laid down during the time. The man grows with the habits and manners acquired at that time. These things hardly change. So a student should be much disciplined in his student life. One who is disciplined raises high in life. Life of great men is examples of discipline. The great men have made mark in their lives, because they strictly follow their goals with all the earnestness and sincerity. So, we should try to be disciplined from the early stage of life. Both at school and at home they should be made to follow the rules of discipline. Parents, teachers and elders have significant role to play. A student should always learn good habits. This will lead to the formation of a good society and nation as well. |

Formula 1 Constructors

Introduction The Formula One World Championship was started in 1951 by private sportspersons. Today, Formula One is the world’s biggest motor sports event and is arguably the second most popular sport in the world. It consists of ten teams, with two cars each, contesting a 17-race series. It involves two titles, the Driver’s Championship and the Constructors Championship. Formula One today is a highly dependent on technology (Denison and Henderson, 2004). This article will discuss the resources, capabilities and attributes required by Formula One constructors.This article will also analyse the reasons for the dominance of different constructors during different periods, by using one of the methods of identifying competitive advantage. It will analyse the reasons behind their inability to sustain their dominance and also suggest ways by which these constructors could have sustained their competitive advantage. â€Å"A firm is said to have competitive advantage when it i s implementing a value creating strategy not simultaneously being implemented by any current or potential competitors. (Barney, 1991:99) Resources, capabilities and attributes required by Formula One Resources can be classified as financial, physical, human, technological and organisational (Grant, 1991). The financial resources required by Formula One constructors are vast (close to $1 bn), the human resources required are a staff of around 450-800. They need highly qualified staff like race engineers, designers, aerodynamicists, composite experts and system specialists. They require physical resources including their own testing and development equipment like wind tunnels, test tracks and other equipment.They also need to constantly change their strategies to counter strategies of the other teams. All the teams and members need to work as a cohesive unit. Based on Porter (2004) we can identify factors important for competitive advantage in the Formula One industry. Technology deve lopment is crucial to competitive advantage in the racing industry. Technology development involves steps to improve the racing car in aspects like power, stability and drag. It involves steps like research, product design and servicing procedures.Human resource management is also key to competitive advantage in the racing industry. Human resource management involves activities like recruitment, training, and development of employees. In Formula One human resource management involves choosing the right drivers, engineers and designers who are expertds in their fields and also good team players. It also involves training new drivers, engineers and designers and keeping them satisfied and motivated so that they don’t leave and join other competitors. Firm infrastructure involves activities like general management, planning, finance and accounting.This can also be an important source of competitive advantage as management and planning are crucial to success in the racing industr y. Value linkages are also an important source of competitive advantage in the racing industry. Linkages can be both internal and external. Internal linkages include co-ordination between various departments within the firm like the design team, racing team and the technical team. External linkages include co-operation and co-ordination with component suppliers and sponsors(Porter, 2004). Attributes are qualities or skills possessed by constructors.Attributes include trust, relationships, history and management structure within a firm (Barney, 1995). These skills relate to ways in which they do things. These skills and qualities are not easily transferable, as they cannot be easily copied. These skills and qualities are generally developed over a long period of time. Formula one constructors require attributes like knowledge, experience and flair for innovation. A firm’s capabilities are based on the resources it has. Capability means the ability of a firm to perform certain tasks based on the resources it has.Capability is created by the integration of many key resources and attributes. Resources and attributes alone do not lead to competitive advantage, but capabilities are a source of competitive advantage. The key resources of an organisation need to be identified, and capabilities, due to a combination of particular resources that need to be identified. Capabilities involve efficient interaction between people and other resources. Formula One Constructors require engine manufacturing, car design and technological capabilities. Key capabilities are those that are not shared by the firm’s competitors.Strategy of an organisation has to be based on its resources and key capabilities to gain a competitive advantage (Grant, 1991). For example, Ferrari had the unique capability of manufacturing engines, which its other competitors did not have. Hamel and Prahalad, (1990) describe key capabilities, which lead to competitive advantage as ‘core competencies’. Ferrari’s success in the mid 1970s Ferrari was the dominant Formula One Constructor’s Championship in the mid 1970’s. Using one of the many approaches to determine competitive advantage, the reasons for Ferrari’s dominance can be identified.Some approaches to determine competitive advantage are explained below: Porter’s (1980) five forces model helps to position a firm in the best way to tackle competitors. This model helps in understanding the competition and formulating strategy accordingly. Carl Shapiro’s (1989) approach is based on making competitive firms act in unproductive ways. This theory can only be used where competitors are closely placed. Barney’s (1995) resource based approach believes that competitive advantage is due to unique resources. The capability of the firm is based on its unique resources.He suggests that it is important to understand the firm’s internal strengths and weaknesses to understand how exactly competitive advantage can be gained. Barney’s (1995) approach is based on SWOT (Strengths, weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) analysis. Barney’s (1995) approach implies that only those firms that use their internal strengths to make use of the available opportunities gain competitive advantage. Strengths and weaknesses can be understood by 1. Continuously checking whether resources and capabilities of a firm help it in the changing environment. 2.Checking whether these capabilities and resources are unique to the firm. 3. Understanding if the resources and capabilities of the firm are difficult to imitate. 4. Checking if the firm’s processes make use of the resources and capabilities effectively. Teece (1997) suggests that dynamic capabilities are a source of competitive advantage. â€Å"Dynamic refers to capacity to renew resources so as to achieve congruence with the changing business environment. † (Teece et. al, 1997:515). A ccording to Teece (1997) dynamic capabilities of a firm depend on its processes, position and path.Processes mean the way things are done in the firm, position means the technology, assets and customer base the firm has, path means the ways available to the firm to do things. These dynamic capabilities of the firm lead to competitive advantage. Porter (2004) introduced the concept of value chain to determine competitive advantage. It was based on identifying the primary and secondary activities of the firm. Primary activities include activities like inbound logistics, operations, outbound logistics, marketing and sales and service.Secondary activities include firm infrastructure, human resource management, technology development and procurement. It then identifies and separates activities that are unique strengths of the firm in relation to the competition. Spanos and Lioukas (2001) argue that Porter’s value chain is based on external factors of competition and ignores the cr ucial internal resources and capabilities of the firm. Rumelt (1984) also argues that strategy of a firm should be based on its unique resources and capabilities.McWilliams and Smart (1993) argue that Porter’s value chain theory lead managers the wrong way by suggesting to develop unique activities based on the resources, even though the activities may not be beneficial to the firm. From the various views it can be seen that Barney’s (1995) approach, based on identifying and focusing on unique resources and capabilities, based on SWOT analysis, is more relevant in analysing competitive advantage in Formula One. Using SWOT analysis we can identify that one of the strengths of Ferrari was the use of component knowledge as a source of competitive advantage.Component knowledge means skills, resources and knowledge related to particular parts of a system. For example, in Formula One it means technical and design skills related to engine, chassis and gearbox. (Pinch et al, 2 003). The Ferrari 12-cylinder engine and 312-T car was a result of component knowledge. In 1975, Ferrari designed a new car 312T, which had a wide low body, powerful 12-cylinder engine and a revolutionary transverse gearbox. All these improved the balance and handling of the car. 312T had a chassis, engine and gearbox combination, which could not be matched by the engine, gearbox combination of the competing cars(Johnson, G et. l, 2008). The component knowledge behind this engine and car could be easily understood, but could not be easily transferred because it was based on firm specific component knowledge and because it didn’t fit in with the systems of other manufacturers; hence it was not used widely. The other strength that was the reason for Ferrari’s success was the use of architectural knowledge as a competitive advantage. Architectural knowledge considers the whole system and the interaction between component knowledge of its various parts (Matusik and Hill, 1 998).It is difficult to transfer architectural knowledge between organisations because it is distinct for each organisation and develops over time. The highly efficient practices introduced by Montezemolo were the architectural knowledge of Ferrari. Montezemola ensured that each team concentrated on a specific task, for example, chassis, gearbox, engine and suspension. This helped avoid conflicts and helped in getting a great car made. The system of having each team concentrating on a specific task to avoid conflicts was also a part of architectural knowledge of Ferrari.Architectural knowledge also helps in determining the ability of organisations to acquire new knowledge. (Zahra and George, 2002). Human resource management was another strength, which was a factor of competitive advantage in Ferrari’s success, as Montezemola recruited the right driver in Nicki Lauda, who could communicate effectively with the technical team. Another of Ferrari’s strengths were the uniq ue resources that it had, like its Maranello factory where it made its own engines and the test track in Fiorano, which is one of the most advanced and sophisticated test tracks in the world, which enabled it to test and develop cars.All these strengths were the reason for Ferrari’s dominance in the 1970’s. McLaren’s domination in the late-1980’s In September 1980 Dennis was appointed as the team principal. Dennis bought in Barnard as a car designer. Barnard had ideas of making the racing car chassis of carbon fibre, instead of metal. Barnard left in 1986 but a lot of progress in car design had been made by then. By SWOT analysis we can identify the strengths of McLaren, which endowed it with competitive advantage. One of McLaren’s strengths during this period was the efficient and disciplined way in which the organisation was run.They prepared carefully for all the races. Many elements that contributed to McLaren’s success are still unknown . This is an example of architectural knowledge being used for competitive advantage. (Pinch et. al, 2003). Good human resource management can be seen to be another strength, which was the reason for McLaren’s success as McLaren had the right people for the job in Dennis and Barnard. Dennis had good managerial skills while Barnard had highly innovative design skills. Dennis, in turn, recruited the best drivers in Senna and Prost, who were crucial to McLaren’s success.Senna was fast and determined whereas Prost was fast and good at tactics. Another of McLaren’s strengths was the use of external linkages of value chain as a competitive advantage, by its collaboration with Honda for engines. All these strengths helped McLaren dominate F1 from 1988 to 1991. Williams’ success in the mid 1990’s Williams developed on the ideas of ground effect, carbon composite monocoque, semi-automatic gearbox and active suspension. Williams considered the driver to be o nly part of the system.Using SWOT analysis we can determine that one of the strengths of the Williams team can be attributed to use of cluster level architectural knowledge as a source of competitive advantage. Cluster level architectural knowledge refers to knowledge shared by groups of organisations in a particular geographical area. Cluster level architectural knowledge also involves common ways of thinking and habits among organisations in the cluster. Hence it becomes difficult for organisations outside the cluster to copy the technologies developed in the cluster.An example of cluster level architectural knowledge can be seen in UK’s ‘Motorsport Valley’. Many technologies used in Formula One cars have been developed here, for example, the use of carbon composite materials, traction controls and active suspension systems (Henry and Pinch, 1999). Brown and Duguid (2001) argue that component knowledge is the ‘cargo’ that is moved around on the â⠂¬Ëœrails’ of cluster level architectural knowledge. The ‘Ground effects’ technology was developed in Motorsport Valley and was first used by Lotus.The Williams team that was in the same area was the one that applied the ‘ground effects’ technology efficiently. Thus, all the technologies developed in the ‘Motorsport Valley’ were transferred to and adopted by Williams, this contributed greatly to its success. (Pinch et. al, 2003). Thus it can be seen that Williams developed strong and unique capabilities in the designing of the car body, chassis and gearbox. Human resource management was another strength, which also acted as a source of competitive advantage. Frank Williams was the founder of Williams and he appointed Patrick Head as the Technical Director.The attributes of entrepreneurial energy and technical excellence helped them to succeed. Patrick Head appointed good drivers like Senna and Prost. Another strength of Williams was thei r external linkages. Their linkage with Renault helped them use the powerful and reliable Renault engine, which complemented their FW15 chassis. All these strengths that acted as sources of competitive advantage led to William’s domination from 1992 to 1994. Ferrari’s return to winning ways after 1999 Montezemela was brought back to Ferrari, as CEO in 1992. He set up a new design department with 50 people.Ferrari’s focus shifted from engine to integration of main parts. The strengths of Ferrari, identified using SWOT analysis, was that value linkages (Porter, 2004), both externally and internally became a source of competitive advantage for Ferrari. Internal linkages were the co-operation between the departments manufacturing engine, chassis and the aerodynamics department. These were crucial in integrating all components of the car efficiently. External linkages were the collaboration with Bridgestone for making customised tyres for Ferrari and with Shell for f inancial and technical support.Another strength identified was good human resource management, which also acted as a competitive advantage by Ferrari’s appointment of Montezemela as chief executive and Schumacher as the driver. Ferrari recruited Schumacher in 1996, who was a great driver and motivator. He communicated well with the engine technicians. The core competency (Hamel and Prahalad, 1990) of Ferrari was the capability of manufacturing powerful engines. Since Ferrari manufactured its own engines they were able to integrate engine, chassis and aerodynamics early in the process. This was the most significant and unique strength of Ferrari.All these factors helped Ferrari win the constructors championship in 1999, after a gap of 12 years. Reasons for Ferrari, McLaren and the Williams teams not being able to sustain their success Using SWOT analysis we can see that one of the major weaknesses of Ferrari, due to which they could not sustain their success, was their lack of dynamic capabilities. Dynamic capabilities mean the ability of firms to adapt their competencies to the changing times and changing external environment. Ferrari needed the dynamic capability to create newer cars, which were more powerful, had better balance and had great aerodynamic properties.Penrose (1959) and Teece (1982) were the first to suggest that, to sustain competitive advantage, firms will need to utilise their firm specific capabilities and also develop new capabilities. Deeply ingrained ideas of architectural knowledge prevent the organisation from acquiring new knowledge. (Henderson and Clark, 1990). Another weakness of Ferrari was their strongly ingrained architectural knowledge that prevented them from initially accepting the ground effects technology, as it was concentrating only on engine design. (Pinch et. al, 2003). Lack of dynamic capabilities to adopt the ground ffects technology and bad human resource management that led to loss of Nicki Lauda from Ferrari, were major reasons due to which Ferrari was unable to maintain its success after 1979. One of the weaknesses of McLaren, identified by SWOT analysis, due to which they were unable to maintain their competitive advantage, was the pulling out of Honda from Formula One. McLaren were not prepared for this and did not have any other good engines to replace Honda. Thus the lack of ability to maintain external linkages as a source of competitive advantage was the one of the reasons for the failure of McLaren.The other significant weakness identified was their not continuing to use human resource management as a source of competitive advantage. The loss of Senna to Williams in 1993 was a big blow to McLaren and they had not developed any new drivers to replace him. The main weakness that was the reason for the decline of Williams was the use of technologies developed by them by other competitors, like Benetton. Their competitors easily replicated their component knowledge. Since their capab ilities could be easily copied they could not maintain competitive advantage in the long term.The death of Senna in an accident left Williams without a good driver. Another weakness was the lack of dynamic capabilities that led to their not having a good replacement for Senna. Renault’s decision to supply engines to Benetton also meant loss of competitive advantage. The inability of Williams to maintain external linkages as a source of competitive advantage was another weakness identified. The main weakness that was the reason for the decline of Ferrari after 2004 was they were not able to adapt their capabilities and external linkages to the changed rules.The strategies that could have been developed by each of these teams to further sustain their period of dominance. Spanos and Lioukas (2001) and Wenerfelt (1984) suggest that Porter’s value chain and the Resource based view are complementary and considering both together can help in sustaining competitive advantage. But from empirical studies conducted by Spanos and Lioukas (2001) it was found that focusing on unique resources and capabilities was more beneficial in sustaining competitive advantage than focusing unique activities in relation to competition.Thus it can be concluded that it is important to consider both your firm specific unique resources and capabilities and to develop activities that are unique in relation to competition in developing strategy, to sustain competitive advantage. Capabilities that are not easily transferable, that cannot be easily copied, that are not transparent and those that last a long time act as significant sources of long-term competitive advantage (Grant, 1991). Walker, (2007), suggests that to sustain competitive advantage a firm must use tactics of offence and defence.Offence involves working towards dominating the competition and defence involves taking steps to maintain the dominant position. Ferrari could have continued their dominance from the 1970à ¢â‚¬â„¢s if they had used opportunities identified using SWOT analysis to develop dynamic capabilities to adopt new technologies like ‘ground effects’ and to recruit other good drivers to replace Nicki Lauda. Miller (2003) suggests that the differences between firms are a source of sustained competitive advantage.Hence it can be said since from all the racing constructors only Ferrari made their own engines and other parts, they could integrate the parts much better. This was another opportunity for Ferrari to use this capability as a long-term competitive advantage and helped extend their period of dominance. McLaren could have used opportunities identified to maintain external linkages as a source of competitive advantage by persuading Honda against quitting Formula One or by developing other external linkages for supplying engines, as a replacement for Honda. They needed to develop dynamic capabilities to have good alternative drivers for Senna.Teece et. al (1997) su ggests that competitive advantage can be sustained by improving efficiency. Hence, considering this theory McLaren could sustain their competitive advantage by improving their efficiencies continuously. Williams could have used the opportunities identified to develop strong architectural knowledge, which would not have been easily replicated by their competitors. The fact that all new technologies like ground effect, active suspension and semi-automatic gearbox were first developed by Williams was the differentiating factor from other racing constructors.Hence by Miller (2003)’s theory Williams needed to use that capability to sustain their competitive advantage. They needed to develop their innovative capabilities in a way that they could not be easily copied. They also needed to develop dynamic capabilities, in terms of other drivers, so that they had a replacement for Senna. To sustain competitive advantage after 2004, Ferrari needed to have dynamic capabilities, which wou ld help adapt their capabilities to the new rules. ConclusionFrom the study of the periods of dominance of various Formula One constructors, it can be concluded that each of the constructors had individual strengths, which they could have used as their core competencies and developed dynamic capabilities to be ahead of the competition. They need to focus on their unique resources, capabilities and develop unique activities, in relation to the competition, to gain competitive advantage. Success in Formula One is dependent on a variety of factors like the cars, the drivers, the management etc. Hence the constructors need to continuously improve their cars and retain their good drivers, to succeed.

buy custom Mark Haddon essay

buy custom Mark Haddon essay Research indicates that Mark Haddon was born in 1962 in Northampton. He graduated in 1981 with a BA in English at Merton College, Oxford. He then graduated in Literature in English in Edinburgh University for his Masters. Mark Haddon is a renowned illustrator, screenwriter and author. Apart from his bestselling novel The Curious of The Dog in The Night-Time, mark Haddon has written other books some of which include the Boom, The Red House, The sea of Tranquility and The Real Porky Philips. The Red House is about Richard who is a wealthy medical doctor. He invites for a week of vacation his separated sister Angela plus her amily. Richard has inherited a stepdaughter after remarrying. On the other hand, Angela has three children who seem unfamiliar to her sometimes and an incompetent husband. The Novel is set for 7days of bitterness and guilt. Another of his books, The Boom is about two young best friends, Jim and Charlie. They believe that in the staffroom their teachers talk smack about them. They then bang hard the staffroom and consequently discover their teachers are aliens. In the Sea of Tranquility, Haddon highlights his childhood, appeal with the accomplishment of humankinds initial landing on the moon in 1969. In the tale, the boy has a picture of the solar system and coordination on his wall and daydreams of the intrigues of being in astronaut. Collective with this storyline are details on landing, counting exciting tidbits; for example, the footprints left there will stay for millions of years because of lack of rain and wind on the moon. Another of his novels is The Real Porky Philips. This novel is about an overweight young boy who is very sensitive. After playing the role of a genie in a play in school, he gains courage that enable him to affirm his real personality. Indeed, Haddon is a revered and renowned writer and these are just a few of his numerous literary works. Buy custom Mark Haddon essay

The Compromise of 1877 essays

The Compromise of 1877 essays The episode in history known as "The Compromise of 1877" is one of the more interesting stories in the history of the United States. Not only did this compromise bring an end to a disagreement that was keeping us from selecting a president, but it also brought about sweeping changes in the social, political, and economic climates of the South. This paper will look at the historical significance of "The Compromise of 1877." By 1876, the reconstruction in the South was winding down. The efforts to rebuild the states who had seceded during the Civil War had brought about mixed results. Some improvements had come, and the plight of blacks in the South had gotten better for the most part. But as the "Radical Republicans" of the North began to be replaced with more business-minded conservative members, personal interests overtook "reconstructing" the South. All but three of the Southern states had been granted "home rule" meaning power had been restored to Southern Democrats by the Reconstruction Republicans. Reconstruction would officially come to an end the next year after the most contentious, bitter, and protracted presidential election in American history. Those three states would play a big part in deciding that election. Both the Democrats and Republicans chose candidates in 1876 that was proven reformers. Democrats selected popular New York Governor Samuel J. Tilden while Republicans chose Ohio Governor Rutherford B. Hayes. Both candidates promised to restore home rule to Louisiana, South Carolina, and Florida implying that Southern whites could now take care of problems of rights for blacks. No one expected such a close race, but when the votes were counted, Tilden had won the popular vote by nearly two hundred fifty thousand votes but was one electoral vote short of the majority needed. Tilden had 184 electoral votes, and Hayes had 165. But twenty electoral votes were in dispute and nineteen of those were in Louisiana, South ...

A Look at Kinesthetic Learners and Methods

A Look at Kinesthetic Learners and Methods A Look at Kinesthetic Learners: Kinesthetic learners typically learn best by doing. They are naturally good at physical activities like sports and dance. They enjoy learning through hands-on methods. They typically like how-to guides and action-adventure stories. They might pace while on the phone or take breaks from studying to get up and move around. Some may seem fidgety, having a hard time sitting still in class. Key Learning Methods: Kinesthetic learners learn best through doing including manipulating items, simulations and role plays, and other methods for presenting subject matter that physically involve them in the learning process. They enjoy and learn well from experimenting and first hand experience. Further, they learn best when activities are varied during a class period. Ways to Adapt Lessons: Vary instruction not only from day-to-day but also within a single class period. Provide students with as many opportunities as your curriculum warrants to complete hands-on work. Allow students to role-play to gain further understanding of key concepts. Provide students with the opportunity to work in small discussion groups as they study materials. If possible, plan a field trip that can help reinforce key concepts. Allow students to stretch partially through the class if they seem to become restless. Other Learning Styles: Visual Learners Auditory Learners

Pick any topic from the instruction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Pick any topic from the instruction - Essay Example If free will is a gift from God, then it is part of that same open system that God set in motion to follow its own course. There is the possibility that what atheistic existentialists take to be an accident is actually the seeming chaos of a free system, created by an entity, animated - not governed - by free will. The idea that theism can be compatible with non-theological concepts has gained currency in recent years. The Episcopal Church, for example, has adopted the idea that the rational can help aid one’s understanding of what God is because reason itself is a gift from God. Name 2 One need not cancel out the possibility of the other. Faith doesn’t have to be the only resource because man has other gifts, other intrinsic capabilities that he can use in concert with others. The theistic philosopher Henry Rogers wrote, â€Å"The truth is, that both Reason and Faith are coeval with the nature of man, and were designed to dwell in his heart together. They are†¦re ciprocally complementary; - neither can exclude the other† (Rogers, 339). ... ng answers, to looking beyond the suppositions of existentialism, Kierkegaard’s tendency was to fall back on his Lutheran background, Pascal from an Augustinian system of belief and Sartre and Nietzsche from the humanist school, of which they were to a large extent the product (Tillich, 25). For Kierkegaard, the search for answers was a striving for transcendence, which resulted from the realization that one is responsible for one’s own condition. Personal freedom lies at the heart of this position. One has the freedom to choose despair or strive for self-actualization. â€Å"Either possibility requires that the self moves toward transcendence, reliance on God’s help, according to Kierkegaard† (Gray, 279). As such, the subject engages in a kind of selection, a choosing of salvation or of a personal fall. The subject â€Å"comes to renounce its Name 3 immediate self and choose its eternal self. It accepts the paradox of the God-man, and through this qualit ative leap free itself from despair and reach salvation† (Stewart, 138). For Kierkegaard, theism is the vehicle through which the individual arrives, subjectively, at the fullness of his meaning as a human being. The individual works through this alone as the sole possessor of his own ethical and aesthetic reality, ultimately leading him to a state of grace. Kierkegaard and many of those who followed his precepts believed that Christianity, and other monotheistic religions, were expressions of hypocrisy that taught pure love but practiced a creed that seemed to believe this purity was the special reserve of a privileged few; specifically, of the wealthy and powerful. The Christianity they observed around them drew from a shallow moral well, one that provided dubious spiritual sustenance from its manifesto (the

21st Century America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

21st Century America - Essay Example The events, although completely grievous, have shown how peoples can untie and fight terrorism. As the world watched the deaths of hundreds of people during the terrorist attacks and as people were horrified especially with the attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon on September 11, 2001, â€Å"a wave of patriotism spread throughout the United States† (hkluoi, 19--). People were wondering who this Osama Bin Laden was and they were wondering what kind of philosophies he might have held for him to do such terrible acts. As people grieved and others have shown heroic acts in the events, some expressed their anger toward the terrorists and the mastermind, Bin Laden. The events somehow caused people to see what could be done in a world crisis such as terrorism. As a result, this challenge will perhaps have the greatest impact on the future of America and the world because it somehow bound people together regardless of age, gender, religion, philosophies or political affilia tion at such a crucial time. People now know that even if evil rises, good will always win over it because people naturally join hands together to fight for the freedom and peace their ancestors have fought

Managing Change at Cox's Container Company Essay

Managing Change at Cox's Container Company - Essay Example It is also clear from the case study that the company faced change resistance from employees. In addition, the employees lacked the current skills and knowledge necessary to understand the budgeting system. This paper will analyse the challenges facing Cox Container Company and provide alternative solutions to the problems. In addition, the most suitable recommendations will also be proposed. Finally, the plan of action will be outlined on how the recommendations can be implemented. According to Huczynski & Buchanan (2013, p.6), organisational behaviour explains the conduct of individuals in a company. It is the social conduct of people that trigger them to act and live in groups. In order to maintain collaboration and attain goals, some form of structural associations has to be created. On the other hand, the organisation is a social system of co-ordination that is created to expand personal achievement that is aimed at goal attainment. The organisational behaviour is a reflection of actions and attitudes exhibited by employees in an organisation. From the case study, the organisational behaviour of Cox Container Company is developed by the fact that the employees are from the same ethnic background. From this perspective, the employees share same values and meanings held by the community, and this influences their actions. In addition, the culture is reflected in the attitudes and conduct of people or groups. A perfect example of how people share a common culture act is revealed in the operation department. In this case, the personnel working in the production department are seen to jealously to guard the independence they enjoy under their long-serving manager. The advantage of this form of organisational behaviour is that the company can attain its goals and objectives through staff loyalty. The individuals working in the company share a similar perception, therefore,

Online Consumer Behavior - Research Prospectus (Research Proposal) Essay

Online Consumer Behavior - Research Prospectus (Research Proposal) - Essay Example eld needs to be done to see as to how a research can be done in the field, that is to say we will try to provide a research framework which will be on three main blocks; main reason for buying, adoption and carrying on with the decision, this will help analyze the behavior of the online consumer in a uniform and systematic manner. 351 articles in all are present and have been used in the field of consumer behavior over the past decade. The articles that deal with consumer purchase behavior on the internet are the ones that we will be focusing on most articles that are used were obtained from online database, through digital libraries and online databases In the recent years, B2C e-commerce has been at a rise and researchers are of the opinion that B2C will soon switch to virtual means and thus there will be no need for local stores. Having said this there are still areas in online consumer behavior that need to be studied. Specially in the section where the products are bought on the bases of their quality and where customers feel that the quality can only be understood better once the product is held and felt. Examining the literature in this field reveals that several components of consumer behavior theory have been applied when studying online consumer behavior. Although, application of the concepts is not as simple as it sounds. A large amount of difference can be seen between both type of consumers (online and offline). Marketing is considered to be the most important factor when it comes to selling product mainly on the bases of their perceived quality, which is something that is highly difficult to determine, and even if that is determined it is hard to convince the customer into going for the purchase decision without have felt the product, by just seeing the product on the website. Trusting the website is another issue that needs to be addressed, developing trust is extremely important to bring about any sort of purchase decision and also to make the

International Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

International Finance - Essay Example However, there is no guarantee that it will limit the risks of foreign currency exchange. Therefore, losses or gains in the exchange of currency will impact on cash flows through reduced growth in global operations. Exchange rate movements as it causes changes in the value of the local currency of revenues subject to foreign currency. However, if parity in purchasing power is desecrated, risks of exchange rates will affect both multinational firms and other firm with no direct link to international trade activities. This is because some local firms which import capital goods encounter asset pricings affected by exposure to exchange rates in the global capital market (Sinclair, 2005). In that case, cost of goods and services will be subject to original cost of capital and this will have an impact on the cash flows. Firms involved with international trade may overlook the country’s imports and exports in a foreign currency. As a result, this will change the value in assesment to domestic currency’s value (Dechow et al, 1999). This then will affect the pricing of domestic goods and services rendering it subject to international market prices dertemination. Anticipated cash flows of firms can be affected by exchange rates movements as it leads to shift in stock prices and returns. In the case of domestic firms, change in value of currency has an impact on the firms ability to import capital goods. Rise in the value of currency will put the domestic firms at a better position to acquire inputs from international market (Beenhakker, 2001). However, low value of currency makes it difficult to acqure capital goods from foreign countries. In that case, the cash flows to the firms will be subject to the inputs of the firm. Adequate invest of inputs will amount to increased cash flows while decreased cash flow results from low inputs. Acquisition of modern technology is determined by the rate of cash flows of firms. However, exposure exchange rates movements

Databases Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Databases - Essay Example Stephens (2010) defines a database simply as a tool that stores data. Stephens further notes that the database gives one the opportunity to create, read, delete and update information somehow. In this sense, Stephens include filing cabinets, the brain and notebooks as databases. With regard to computer science and information technology, a database is generally defined as an organized collection of information in digital form such that a computer program can fast chose the data pieces that are desired (Connolly and Begg (2002). A database may be made for one or more purposes and may be though of as an electronic filing system. Traditionally, databases may be organized by files, records and fields. A file in this respect is a set of records, a field represents one piece of information while a record represents a complete set of fields Types of Databases Different organizations and experts categorize databases differently. Some experts categorize database types as analytic databases an d operational databases. Based on functionality, databases may be categorized as hierarchical and network. According to The One Stop Website Shop (2012), two main types of databases however exist; relational and flat-file. The flat file type is generally suited to handling small amounts of information that need to should be readable to humans and editable by hand. Basically, the flat-file database consists of a set of strings stored in a single or more files. The file(s) can be parsed to retrieve the data that are stored therein as noted by Date (2003). The flat-file is favourable when the data to be stored is simple, and in the form of data values and lists. However, this type of database can be complicated if the replication of more complex data structures is involved according to The One Stop Website Shop (2012). One other disadvantage with these types of database lies in the fact that they are easy to corrupt. The relational databases have more logical structures compared to the ir flat-file counterpart in view of the way that information is stored. Relational databases in existence today include Oracle, SQL Server and MySQL. In the relational database, a table is used to represent actual objects, and every field acts as an attribute. As an example, a table that contains information about books could contain columns for the author, tile and ISBN. These arch details which describe the books contained in the table. Yet again, the table contains rows each of which represents anew book. The relation evident in relational databases exist in the reality that various tables can be linked to one another. The relations can be extremely complex and difficult to replicate in the flat-file type of database. In spite of its complexity, the relational database is advantageous in the sense that duplication of data is avoided if the database is properly designed. Databases Management Systems In order to access information contained in a database, one needs a database manag ement system (DBMS). A database management system in this respect is a set of programs that enables one to enter, select and organize data contained in the database. Database management system may also be defined as a department that controls, structures and maintains a database in use (Date 2003). The DBMS permits access to one and the same database by various user application programs. Examples of DBMS include Basex, Oracle and Sedna, just to mention a few. Use and Roles

International Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

International Finance - Essay Example However, there is no guarantee that it will limit the risks of foreign currency exchange. Therefore, losses or gains in the exchange of currency will impact on cash flows through reduced growth in global operations. Exchange rate movements as it causes changes in the value of the local currency of revenues subject to foreign currency. However, if parity in purchasing power is desecrated, risks of exchange rates will affect both multinational firms and other firm with no direct link to international trade activities. This is because some local firms which import capital goods encounter asset pricings affected by exposure to exchange rates in the global capital market (Sinclair, 2005). In that case, cost of goods and services will be subject to original cost of capital and this will have an impact on the cash flows. Firms involved with international trade may overlook the country’s imports and exports in a foreign currency. As a result, this will change the value in assesment to domestic currency’s value (Dechow et al, 1999). This then will affect the pricing of domestic goods and services rendering it subject to international market prices dertemination. Anticipated cash flows of firms can be affected by exchange rates movements as it leads to shift in stock prices and returns. In the case of domestic firms, change in value of currency has an impact on the firms ability to import capital goods. Rise in the value of currency will put the domestic firms at a better position to acquire inputs from international market (Beenhakker, 2001). However, low value of currency makes it difficult to acqure capital goods from foreign countries. In that case, the cash flows to the firms will be subject to the inputs of the firm. Adequate invest of inputs will amount to increased cash flows while decreased cash flow results from low inputs. Acquisition of modern technology is determined by the rate of cash flows of firms. However, exposure exchange rates movements

Does organic pollution affect E.Coli growth Essay

Does organic pollution affect E.Coli growth - Essay Example The paper tells that biological analysis of water to detect and quantify water pollution is a non-sensitive process. Microbes such as E.coli, which is a fecal contaminant, are able to survive the effects of water pollution through genetic adaptation. The changes in cellular metabolism that take place during this adaptation can be detected at a sensitive level, such as the quantity of E.coli in the water, or the amount of stress proteins being synthesized by the bacteria. Therefore, E.coli can act as a bio-indicator of water pollution. My research question and experiments were designed to study what effects take place on the growth and protein synthesis of E.coli when the bacteria is exposed to environmental stress. The growth of E.coli from lakewater was also compared with that of genetically engineered E.coli DH-5, to determine whether plasmid-mediated mutations assist in the survival of lakewater E.coli under environmental stress. My results showed that DH-5 was inhibited by the po llutant benzene and by high and low pH and temperatures. E.coli from lakewater survived in a greater quantity under these stressors compared t the genetically engineered strain DH-5. Also, the growth of E.coli from lakewater was inhibited to a small extent by the stress of temperature and pH change until a limit. Beyond these limits in the conditions, E.coli could not grow at all. Thus, the adaptation of E.coli to pollution is a characteristic with limitations. In conclusion, the changes in the growth and protein synthesis of E.coli under stress makes it suitable as a bio-indicator of water pollution. Further studies are needed to examine the usefulness of detecting synthesis of specific stress proteins by E.coli as sensitive bio-markers of water pollution. Table of Contents Interest in Topic 5 Introduction 6 Methods 8 Results 12 Discussion, Conclusions and Limitations 13, 14 Images 15 Bibliography 21 Interest in Topic My selection of my research topic is based on my interest in con ducting biological research, my concerns regarding environmental pollution, and my ambition to reduce the consequences of pollution through the results of my research work. I have been highly concerned regarding the many severely polluted water sources in my environment that I have observed. Various unchecked and unregulated commercial and industrial activities near rivers and lakes have released harmful substances into the water, destroying the ecology of these areas. I learned that to prevent and correct these changes, monitoring of the water quality and changes taking place in the aquatic environment are necessary. I have always been fascinated by the science of how some microorganisms work to solve the problem of pollution by producing signals and changes. I was also interested in learning how biological studies are used to derive information and understanding of the many mechanisms happening in our surroundings. After background reading, I developed an interest towards solving the problem of effective biological water analysis, which would

Season and Winter Essay Example for Free

Season and Winter Essay Snow is when family and friends play and laugh together, which is what brings us closer together. Furthermore, people can do many fun activities in the snow. We not only play in the snow but also sliegh ride, build snowmen, have a snowball fight with your family, and make snow angels. When I was young, I used to hang out with neighborhood kids after school even if the weather was severe. Actually, we were looking for the heavy snow at the very beginning of winter. Because we were fond of having snowball fights and making snowman as well as going sledding. We were so happy when playing in the snow. We didn’t care how cold our hands would get, or how dirty our cloths were. The only things we cared about were who could win in the fight, who could make the best snowman and who could sled the fastest. Moreover, all the outdoor activities bring all your families closer because all the kids tend to play and have fun outside in the cold. Family is special because you become close and share thoughtful things with the ones that mean the most to you. Christmas brings family out and shows how much your family truly means to you. Family is the number one thing that matters the most to you and especially when it comes to Christmas. Also, Lastly, baking is also a wonderful thing about winter. You walk into the kitchen and smell the freshly baked cookies or Moms homemade casserole. Baking is amazing because it carries on through tradition and it gets passed down to generation. Baking also warms your heart and lets you know how much time and effort your family or parent puts into making the wonderful food you receive. Baking on Christmas morning is the best because you get the house all decorated up and get the food ready for friends and family who come over to celebrate the special time with you. In addition, one thing winter wouldn’t be complete without is the memories. The memories are always good because you create amazing memories when you’re with friends and family. Winter makes you want to create the most memorable moment of all time especially if you’re in an amazing country or state. Imagine being in a place where it snows or you hear the rain dripping down the window pane. Winter has many memories weather its being somewhere for the first time or going back to it. Memories are meant to be created weather its good memories or bad memories. In overall, winter is a good season because you can expect good things from it like snow, christmas, family, snuggling, baking, and friends. You’re with family and friends and you’re having all these events going on. Winter shows how much closer family can bring you. Winter is amazing and it brings out all the good energy around you. You can be in the worst moods or the happiest moods and its okay because winter brings this feeling out in you that you love and always want to carry with you. Winter is definitely a great season and always will have different memories that will always be in your heart.

The Guardian Ad Litem Program :: essays research papers

The Guardian Ad Litem Program represents children who appear in the state courts. These children have not committed any crime but are victims of abuse, neglect or abandonment. The program is comprised of volunteers who represent children in the courts, making sure they do not become victims of "the system". Each volunteer works with one or more children involved in the judicial system and social services agencies, becoming familiar with there lives, while representing the interest of each child before the court or social services agencies involved. Specifically, a volunteer acts in the interest of each child in five different capacities. First, as an investigator, a guardian learns as much as possible about the child' background (i.e. school, church, friends, and any otherpeople/organizations that affect the child). As a monitor, a guardian makes sure social services agencies, and any other organizations involved with the child are meeting their responsibilities to the chi ld. As a protector, a guardian prevents insensitive questioning in the courts that is very often commonplace. As a reporter, a guardian is a liaison between the child and the courts, presentingwritten reports and recommendations to help act in the child's best interests. Finally, as a spokesperson, a guardian makes sure the child's wishes are heard and their best interests are presented to the courts and social services agencies involved with the child. Qualifications to be a Guardian Ad Litem are: at least 19 years old; pass screenings with law enforcement agencies, the Abuse Registry, and Guardian Ad Litem staff; and have a genuine concern for a child's welfare. No prior experience is necessary as each volunteer goes through 48 hours of training, ranging from juvenile justice, child development, and child abuse and neglect.

Eve’s Food Preparation: Art and Experience in Eden :: Research Papers

Eve’s Food Preparation: Art and Experience in Eden The arts of the first couple before the Fall have been extensively written on. It seems that most critics view prelapsarian art as congruous and natural to Eden, as evidence of prelapsarian splendor. Ann Torday Gulden states that art in Eden is socially neutral: â€Å"Surely art is innocuous [in Eden], an integral part of paradisal bliss† (18). Indeed, Eve’s artistic activity makes Eden seem all the more delightful to the reader. However, with a careful examination of how Eve’s art is perceived by the poem’s male characters, it becomes evident that Eve’s aesthetics do not quite fit. It is tempting for the reader, who lives in a â€Å"fallen† world, so unequivocally in favor of artistic culture, to praise Eden for examples of cultural activity within it. However, just about every example of Eve’s artistic activity is characterized by an aloofness from divine discourse. The male authoritative characters of Paradise Lost primarily ignore Eve’s examples of talented artistry, giving neither praise nor disapproval. But while the lack of recognition speaks volumes about her low status, it allows her an expansive autonomy from the divinely recognized modes of Edenic worship and devotion which serve to revere God. If the authoritative male characters regard her creativity as inconsequential, then there is almost no limit to the degree of autonomous creativity she can have within that localized sphere of artistry; no one is watching her or correcting her. The way in which Eve prepares food for the dinner guest, the angel Raphael, is a prime illustration of both Eve’s removal from the divine discourse and her expansion of a cultural, creative realm in which she can act, rather than follow. The first thing to recognize about the scene of Raphael’s arrival to instruct Adam and Eve is that Eve is excluded from proximity to the divine by Adam. To some degree, Adam actually forces her removal. The first one to see Raphael coming is Adam, of course. He says: Haste hither, Eve, and, worth thy sight, behold Eastward among the trees what glorious shape Comes this way moving; seems another morn Risen on mid-noon. Some great behest from Heaven To us perhaps he brings, and will vouchsafe This day to be our guest. But go with speed, And what thy stores contain bring forth, and pour Abundance fit to honour and receive Our heavenly stranger... (5.308) Adam’s language is unquestioning. It is clear that he knows a guest from Heaven is on his way. The speed with which he recognizes that the thing on the horizon is from Heaven shows that he has an intuitive

REMEDIAL WRITING PROGRAMME FOR ELEMENTARY STUDENTS

The intent of this survey programme is to find if pupils from the simple degree of Hin Hua High School ( Chinese Independent School ) improved in their ability to compose in English after holding studied specifically developed course of study. The 7-hour remedial programme is to be conducted one time the academic section releases the concluding appraisal classs. Fifteen pupils with the lowest mark were selected utilizing the standard method to undergo the remedial programme. the importance of all six major facets of composing measured in the English Test which comprises chiefly punctuation, grammar and use, sentence construction, scheme, organisation, and manner. It is believed by go toing the remedial programme selected pupils would be able to demo the ability to do and joint judgements by taking place on an issue or job. Besides prolonging a place by concentrating on the subject throughout the authorship. They are alson expected to develop a place by showing support or grounds utilizing specific inside informations and do illations based on support or grounds. Most significantly, they should be able to form and present thoughts in a logical manner by logically grouping and sequencing thoughts. Hence communicate clearly by utilizing linguistic communication efficaciously and by detecting the conventions of standard written EnglishIntroductionAs a linguistic communication instructor, I frequently select composing undertakings from linguistic communication text editions to assist pupils better their authorship ability. Behaviorists, communicative, cognitive, and discourse theories could act upon composing attacks in linguistic communication text editions. Each theoretical model has provided us with a better apprehension of the multiple dimensions and intents of learning composing. A reappraisal of the developments in composing teaching method leads us to reason that we could learn composing as a agency to better lingual, rhetorical and communicative competency or as a find and cognitive procedure. The composing undertakings that we select from linguistic communication text editions and assign to pupils could reflect one or some of these pedagogical intents. As instructors, we need to oppugn and understand the pedagogical premises of text edition composing undertakings so that we can choose undertakings that will assist our pupils become confident authors and independent minds. Primary pupils come ining the secondary school degree ( high School ) are challenged non merely to larn new content in the subjects but besides to pass on this. A important figure of pupils will non hold equal academic literacy degrees to be able to make this successfully ( Jones and Bonanno, 1995 ( 1 ) . Atlhough traditionally pupils were expected to develop academic literacy accomplishments without any expressed instruction of these accomplishments, schools now recognize the progressively diverse backgrounds of their pupil populations and have put in topographic point mechanisms for assisting pupils develop their academic literacy. These have included the constitution of literacy and larning units every bit good as the demand for school course of study to turn to the instruction of composing accomplishments including communicating accomplishments. English Learning Centre of Hin Hua High School Klang, like other literacy and larning units, has been involved in a figure of collaborative undertakings with instructors involved in learning Junior One to incorporate the instruction of communicating accomplishments into the course of study ( Webb et al, 1995, Taylor and Drury, 1996 ) . These enterprises have resulted in the development of new learning stuffs and attacks every bit good as new patterns of appraisal and feedback. However, as capable country course of study are being adapted to computer-based signifiers of acquisition, it is besides necessary to see how the instruction of communicating accomplishments can be integrated into these plans or how the instruction of communicating accomplishments can be contextualized within the acquisition of capable country cognition. With the current demand for propheciuency in English Language great importance has been given to developing plans to transfuse good composing manners to the si mple scholars which aims to assist pupils go successful editors of their ain authorship.1.1 LITERATURE REVIEWWriting accomplishments have been identified as to better pupils ‘ thought. Moffett and a few others have developed cognitively sequenced course of study for simple and secondary authorship, college composing, when it is sequenced at all, tends to trust on structural or rhetorical agreements, which are neither consecutive nor cumulative. Progressions from word to condemn to paragraph to theme confuse quantitative with qualitative growing, while rhetorical sequences confront pupils with cognitive jobs of different but equal complexness. In short, from a cognitive position, most writing direction in higher instruction is consistent with that in secondary instruction: what Stephen Judy described as â€Å" Advanced Hodgepodge † in high school gives manner to â€Å" Arrogant Hodgepodge † in college. A big and turning organic structure of research, nevertheless, shows that cognitive development follows a hierarchal sequence of phases and suggests that a course of study can be consecutive organized to advance cognitive development. Bloom ‘s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives provides some indispensable connexions between the cognitive abilities we expect of college pupils and a course of study that can excite those abilities Bloom ‘s Taxonomy is one solution to the cognitive odds and ends of the authorship course of study. It allows us to sequence direction and assignments in ways that speak straight to pupils ‘ developmental demands. From least to most complex, For composing direction the taxonomy provides a flexible theoretical account of what happens cognitively in the acquisition procedure Bloom described a six phase sequence: Knowledge, Comprehension, Application, Analysis, Synthesis, and Evaluation. ( See Figure 1 )Figure 1.0 The flow chart of Bloom ‘s TaxonomyAt each new degree, thought procedures construct on and embrace old degrees. Implicit in this construction is the premise of an go uping graduated table of trouble and fullness. Thinking at the comprehension degree is more demanding than at the cognition degree ; cognitive jobs necessitating synthesis or rating encompass all the preceding degrees. A reappraisal of Bloom ‘s definitions for each systematic degree suggests what such a cognitively-based authorship class might imply. Although the focal point of each degree is cognitive, rhetorical issues of audience and intent are every bit appropriate and can be specified for any assignment. Most of all, the taxonomy allows us to contemplate the value and feasibleness of a cognition-based course of study in composing. Such a course of study would reflect the hierarchal dealingss of the assorted idea procedures and would assist to command for cognitive complexness in authorship and believing about falsifying natural discourse. In this signifier, composing or writing-intensive classs would consistently develop pupils ‘ thought accomplishments instead than go forthing them to opportunity or, worse, blunting the author ‘s still-developing ability to research and show thoughts. In short, a cognition-based course of study ensures that pupils take part to the full in utilizing composing as a manner of acquisition.2.0 INTENDED PURPOSEThe remedial programme is targeted for the simple scholars who are in the procedure of upgrading their authorship accomplishments to the pre -intermediate degree. A sum of 15 pupils are selected from the age group of 13 old ages old base d on the concluding semester scrutiny consequences. The scrutiny fundamentally structured in conformity to the text edition presently used in the school course of study, New Opportunities ( Pearson Longman-Cambridge ) . Basically the ( Stiggins to foreground achievement differences between and among pupils to bring forth a, 1994 ) . School systems might desire to sort pupils in this manner so that they can be heighten their competence degree even further. The major ground for utilizing a norm-referenced trial ( NRT ) is to sort pupils. NRTs are designed on reliable rank order of pupils across a continuum of accomplishment from high winners to low winners be decently placed in remedial or talented plans. These types of trials are besides used to assist instructors choice pupils for different ability degree reading or mathematics instructional groups. As the selected pupils fall under the below mean group in Paper 1 ( Writing Assessment ) whereby there are two parts that the had to fi nish here: Section A Notes Expansion and SECTION B Continuous Writing ( Choose one subject out of five given ) From the academic analysis it was found that bulk pupils failed in Section B where it consists of 25 % of the entire Markss of 40 % of the Writing paper. Thus they are required to go to a 7 hr remedial programme to better their authorship accomplishments by at least 85 % . FINAL Semester: Paper 1 RESULTS ( 40 % ) Name Class SECTION ( 15 % ) Section B ( 25 % ) 1 LIM WAI MENG ELEMENTARY 8 8 2 CAROLINE TAN ELEMENTARY 7 7 3 CHONG YOKE LAN ELEMENTARY 9 6 4 LIM CHEN PHANG ELEMENTARY 8 6 5 LEE AI VIN ELEMENTARY 8 7 6 SOO HUI YING ELEMENTARY 5 5 7 TAN KUI ROU ELEMENTARY 6 8 8. TEE WAN RU ELEMENTARY 5 9 9 NG JIA JI ELEMENTARY 9 7 10 LIM SHAO YI ELEMENTARY 9 4 11 KELVIN LAI ELEMENTARY 6 8 12 TAN MAY LI ELEMENTARY 8 8 13 TOO MEI LING ELEMENTARY 5 5 14 LIM TAI YONG ELEMENTARY 6 9 15 TEO JOYCELYN ELEMENTARY 7 63.0 PURPOSE OF REMEDIAL WRITING PROGRAMMEThe grounds for the remedial plan to be initiated is to break the scholars in their authorship accomplishments and beef up it so that they have all capablenesss to be promoted to the following degree but due to certain infinitesimal factors they fail to adhere to the criterions of the pre-intermediate degree. Therefore these pupils are carefully selected utilizing the standard method to undergo the 7 hr remedial programme. In order to bore and actuate these pupils in the remedial programme an enriching lesson program is formulated to make a positive result at the terminal of the the 7 hr remedial programme. The intents for stressing authorship accomplishments are to bring forth who can grok instruction and acquisition in a positive mental properties. There is a broad organic structure of research proposing that measuring pupils ‘ written public presentation is a valuable project. Not merely is an teacher able to assist a pupil ‘s advancement, but besides the teacher can ease the acquisition procedure and the acquisition results by being cognizant of pupil public presentation throughout the academic session. Undeniably, 3R accomplishments are of import and necessary in day-to-day life. They are besides needed to back up the development of a knowledge-based economic system. Acknowledging these demands, the school has initiated and implemented programmes to place pupils who have non mastered the 3Rs. These programmes are designed to specifically turn to and get the better of the inability of pupils to get the hang the 3Rs. This is in line with the essentialism which instills pupils with academic cognition and character development. Among the programmes that have been implemented in schools are the Early InterA ­vention Reading and Writing Class, Basic Skills for Reading, Writing and Counting Programme and the Literacy and Numeracy Programme at Level One.3.1 Sub-skills of WritingBesides boring and enriching the remedial scholars with the nucleus authorship accomplishments, there are besides exposed to the importance of sub-skills in their acquisition such as: I Manipulating the book of the linguistic communication: script, spelling and punctuation. II Expressing grammatical [ syntactic and morphological ] relationships at the sentence degree III Expressing information or cognition in authorship: explicitly implicitly IV Enrichment of VocabularyPart B4.0 Aims of the 7-hour remedial programmeThe chief purpose in presenting and implementing the remedial programme peculiarly in the facet of composing accomplishments is to chiefly: to develop competences in composing accomplishments among scholars to travel from a teacher-centered didactic theoretical account to a student-centered constructivist theoretical account to get the ability to compose in a more clear, concise and acceptable mode5.0 Instructional Design: Using the ADDIE Model to Construct Writing Competency Among Remedial Learners5.1 ModelThe generic term for the five-phase instructional design theoretical account dwelling of Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation.A Each measure has an result that feeds into the following measure in the sequence.A There are likely over 100+ different fluctuations of the generic ADDIE theoretical account. Instructional design purpose for a scholar -centered instead than a traditional teacher-centered attack to direction, so that effectual acquisition can take topographic point. This means that every constituent of the direction is governed by the acquisition results, which have been determined after a thorough analysis of the scholars ‘ demands. This phases sometimes overlap and can be interrelated ; nevertheless they provide a dynamic, flexible guideline for developing effectual and efficient direction.5.2 ADDIE ‘S TheoryThe ADDIE direction theoretical account for this desin is outlined by Smith and Ragan ( 1995 ) in their book entitiled Instructional design. The focal point is n 5 points Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation and Evaluation. From this theory the analysis has proved that there was a demand to carry on remedial programme for the simple low scorers where an opportunty was given to larn and develop basic essay composing accomplishments.6.0 Remedial Education ProgrammeIn Malaysia, the importance of remedial instruction gained attending in the sixtiess. Consequences of a pilot undertaking in nine schools between 1967 and 1970 showed a demand for remedial instruction, particularly for students in rural countries. This paved the manner for remedial instruction programmes in primary schools. The innova tors in the field attended a biennial intensive class on remedial instruction in the United Kingdom. Subsequently, a national series of seminars and workshops on remedial instruction were organized. With the exclusion of little schools or under-enrolled schools, every school is allocated one remedial instruction instructor. At the school degree, a Remedial Education Committee is formed, consisting the schoolmaster, remedial instruction instructor, category instructor, capable instructor, resource Centre coordinator, and other instructors as members. The debut of a new course of study for primary schools in 1983 implied a return to the rudimentss in instruction. The ultimate end was to guarantee that no student is illiterate by the twelvemonth 2000. The execution of the remedial instruction programme for kids in Primary 1-3 is to guarantee that they master the 3Rs. Childs who have been recommended for remedial instruction are required to go to remedial categories. As of 1999, 54,000 primary school kids have undergone the intercession programme. In add-on to bettering and heightening instructor development, the Malayan authorities besides works towards bettering the course of study at school to run into the altering demands of the economic system. During the Fourth Malaysia Plan, the primary school course of study was revised with the purpose of supplying and set uping a steadfast instruction in reading, authorship, and arithmetic. This led to the development of a new course of study stressing the 3Rs. Surveies looking at the returns to instruction in Malaysia have found positive consequences in those who have had some signifier of formal instruction, thereby supplying support to the authorities guidelines on the primary course of study which emphasizes the acquisition of basic skills.Education in Malaysia, altering really quickly reacting to the emerging focal point of womb-to-tomb acquisition ; the turning accent on larning ; as opposed to making and the development of the new bringing systems6.1 The Educational, Philosoph ical and Psychological foundationElementary instruction shall take to develop the religious, moral, mental and physical capablenesss of the kid, supply him with experiences in the democratic manner of life, and instill thoughts and attitude necessary for enlightened, loyal, unsloped and utile citizenship. To accomplish these aims, simple instruction course of study shall supply for the: ingraining of religious and civic values and the development of a good citizen based on an staying religion in God and echt love of state ; preparation of the immature citizen in his rights, responsibilities and duties in a democratic society for active engagement, in a progressive and productive place and community life ; development of basic understanding about Malayan civilization, the desirable tradition and virtuousnesss of our people as indispensable necessities in achieving national consciousness and solidarity ; instruction of basic wellness cognition and the formation of desirable wellness wonts and patterns ; development of functional literacy in English as basic tools for farther acquisition ; and acquisition of cardinal cognition, attitudes, wonts, and accomplishments in scientific discipline, civics, civilization, history, geographics, mathematics, humanistic disciplines, and place economic sciences and support instruction and their intelligent application in appropriate life state of affairss. The Elementary Basic Education Curriculum focuses on the tool larning countries for an equal development of competences for larning how to larn. A The end of Instructional design is to back up the cognitive procedures that result in acquisition ( McGriff ) . The expected result of instructional design is to supply cognition and accomplishments to people. The three major larning theories are Constructivism, Behaviorism, and Cognitive. Instructional Design is based on constructivist rules. Instructional design is associated with instructional systems development ( Leshin et al, 1992 ) . An Instructional System is the â€Å" agreement of resources and processs to advance acquisition † ( Berger and Kam ) .6.2 Programme Design: ADDIE ModelADDIE is a all-purpose theoretical account, which can be used to make instructional merchandises and plan design. ADDIE is the acronym for Analyze, Design, Develop, Implement and Evaluate and summarizes the five stairss in the Instructional Design procedure. The instructional interior decorator makes determinations critical to guaranting the effectivity of the educational experience in each stage of the procedure. In conformity with the procedure betterment theoretical account, the five stages are a â€Å" cringle, † with the betterment of larning results as the end. Dick and Carey and Kemp ( Kemp, et.al, 1998 ) expanded the ADDIE Model into nine elements. The Dick and Carey Model uses a Reductionist attack in interrupting direction down into smaller sections aiming bomber accomplishments. The scholar is required to maestro of bomber accomplishments, which are aggregated to accomplish overall accomplishment command and learned behaviour. It provides a systematic attack to curriculum and plan design. Teaching is basically a philosophical enterprise and hence educational activity can be conceived within the context of a doctrine or worldview. The curricukum refelects the art and trade of learning. Educational engineering can supply diverseness of believing sing course of study and direction which would be curriculum theorizing.6.2.1 AnalysisBasically the nature of the pupils whom the remedial programme to be conducted are pupils who learn English Language as a 2nd linguistic communication. They are originally from Chinese talking households with a minimal exposure to English Language. Due to the outlook of the school and the educational demands in adhering English as one of the nucleus topics in school these pupils are required to hold in deepness cognition and accomplishment in it. All of them have been educated in the Chinese primary school instruction system. Based on the concluding semester scrutiny consequences 15 pupils are selected to undergo remedial programme as they fall in the boundary line line instances.The pupils get hapless composing accomplishments, while being able to build sentences reasonably good, they seem to hold great trouble in forming and developing their thoughts into the signifier of an essay that has an debut, organic structure and decision. In order to advance these pupils to the following degree that is the pre-intermediate stage from their beginning simple degree the English Language Department found it critical for them to go to a 7-hour remedial programme in order to happen solution to this state of affairs. All of them need to foster develop their authorship accomplishments in term of coherence and coherency ; clip and pattern.6.2.2 DesignThe chief design end for our programme would be on the cognitive schemes of being able to develop an thought for composing since all of them com e from a really similar background and have basic sentence composing accomplishments. Besides the development of linguistic communication in the mechanics of sentence building such as sentence structure, grammar, construction, etc given precedence. R.Gagne ( 1965 ) divided larning into 5 classs: Verbal or declaratory cognition, rational accomplishments, cognitive schemes, attitudes and psychomotor accomplishments. The acquisition ends are besides in connexion to these classs to seek to set educational value behind our ends. At the same clip the end besides reflects competencies lineations by Benjamin Bloom ( Bloom,1956 ) . These include: Knowledge, Conprehension, Application, Analysis, Synthesis an Evaluation. These give our ends cogency whereby competences are incorporated in conveying about concrete undertaking for scholars that we assign in order to accomplish their ends. Hence in the rating stage, we can utilize this facet to happen out the cogency and the achievement of the scholars in implementing the programme. Learning Goals and Type of Learning Aim Standard GAGNE ‘S DOMAIN BLOOM ‘S TAXANOMY Learners will place an essay subject and 3 sub-topics Standards established by Hin Hua High School, English Language Department Cognitive schemes Synthesis Learners will be able to compose a 3 paragraph essay with an debut, 2 bomber subjects to include their sentiments, thoughts and decision Standards established by Hin Hua High School, English Language Department Declaration Cognition Intellectual Skills Synthesis Evaluation Application Learners will be able to utilize the library and Handouts to research printed information on their subjects Standards established by Hin Hua High School, English Language Department Procedural cognition ( declaration cognition ) Cognition Learners will be able to utilize proper mechanics of grammar sentence structure Standards established by Hin Hua High School, English Language Department Intellectual Skills Application Learners will be able to show their subjects in category Standards established by Hin Hua High School, English Language Department Declaration cognition Comprehension6.2.3 DevelopmentIn order to set up a accessible remedial programme for the simple scholars, we English instructors have developed a remedial programme which will set about a 7 hr larning procedure. The instructors from the same degree have brainstormed and come up with a class content for the 7-hour instruction and larning programme. The instructors from the same instruction degree are the best individual to make the lesson as they deal with the same competence degree of pupils all the clip and are considered experts in their country. Besides this, they will be able to do he printed and computing machine stuffs and added measure of acquiring the right content for the degree. On top of that since they have already been learning in the same range so they will be doubtless familiar in the procedure of instruction and steering the scholars in order to do the remedial programme a success.6.2.3. ( 1 ) ProcedureThe remedial programme would be in the English medium since the chief aim is to better composing accomplishments among simple scholars. The programme consists of 6 regular Sessionss and followed by a reappraisal and a trial twenty-four hours. Each hr is scheduled to be conducted for 60 proceedingss6.2.4 ExecutionFurther to the development to the development the instructors would be equipped with integral class content for he programme. The faculty would be prepared in balance with the clip frame allotted for the programme. Any instructor who is selected for this undertaking should be ready to set about the instruction procedure based on the strategy that has been prepared. Al cubic decimeter 15 pupils will be instructed to go to the programme for 7 hours. These are the assorted facet of execution emphasized in the learning procedure:6.2.5 EvaluationThe rating stage consists of two parts: formative and summational. Formative rating is present in each phase of the ADDIE procedure. Summational rating consists of trials designed for sphere specific criterion-related referenced points and supplying chances for feedback from the users. Chiefly the rating is done in two parts. The first stage will be the rating of pupil work based on the aims in the â€Å" Learning ends and type of larning † listed above. Students will be rated by their instructor based on the A, B, C, F standards set by the English Department. An Angstrom is first-class work, B is mean, and C will intend pupil demands betterment. An F would intend that pupil failed the composing appraisal with below 60 % of grade. Students will be evaluated at each phase of the class. The section will utilize this rating in order to happen out how they might necessitate to modify the programme in the hereafter. A summational rating will be conducted as outlined by Smith and Ragan ( 1999, p.352 ) . Those writers explain that in order to measure the effectivity, entreaty, and efficiency of direction, a aggregation, analysis and sum-up of informations on pupils ia indispensable. In our designed programme an test is built to entree pupils of their command on the abilities taught during the programme.Students are to demo their capablenesss in their apprehension and cognition taught to them by finishing the set of prep targeted to them. Students will be graded on from 1 to 5 for their abilities in each of the undermentioned subdivisions: Student name Student able to take a subject n sub-topics Student able to utilize press releases information Student able to finish the essay Score dated from 1 to 5 1: hapless 2: Able to understand the authorship construct with some counsel 3: Able to finish the undertaking with aid and support 4: Able to understand the construct and finish the undertaking separately A pre-test and post-test can mensurate how good learners achieved the larning aims. However, it normally takes more clip and attempt to mensurate things such as whether the scholars will utilize their preparation. This rating stage can widen for months. Upon completion of the programme the pupils ‘ feedback will be collected to further estimate the success of the programme. Questions are besides answered on a graduated table of 1 to 5. 1 is low and 5 is high. The standard inquiries constructed are as below: Were you satisfied with the content of this class? Were you able to understand the instructor ‘s account? Were you able to set into pattern elements that you learnt? Did you fond the class interesting? On a graduated table of 1 to 5, what is your general feeling about the class?Part C7.0 REVIEWER ‘S COMMENTSBelow is the sum-up of the feedback received from two of the Senior Teachers from the English Language Department of Hin Hua High School sing the 7hour remedial programme on composing accomplishments. Reviewer 1: Mdm Annaletchumy Reviewer 2: Ms Sastina The strengths and failings of the freshly developed Remedial Programme for Elementary Students Strengths 1. Learning by actively take parting in group treatment 2. Encouraging pupils to build their ain thoughts and cognition of the subject 3. Student-centered instead than teacher or subject-centered 4. Teaching assistance contributed to pupil ‘s visual image on the subject given 5. Suitable to student ‘s development degree 6. Group work enables pupils to self – express, to be self-assured and self- consciousness 7. Promote teacher to develop pupil ‘s originative thought abilities 8. Stressing the construct of group work and peer rating where no pupil Is left behind 9. Promoting the co-operation among pupils and instructor positively 10. Enables pupil to hold a positive mentality in originative authorshipFailings1. Unsuitability of activities for crowded room 2. Lack of stuffs used as assistance for pre-writing undertaking 3. Lack of instructor ‘s rating on the first stage of composing 4. Certain undertaking may take more clip than the planned clip 5. Peer rating on composing inappropriate attack for simple scholars8.0 Summary of ReviewSummarized below are some of the achievements and challenges I personally went through in building the remedial programme:8.1 Strengths8.1.1 Improved pupils attitude and motive Students are mentally prepared to take part in the programme because pupils agree to a peculiar gait, work load, and larning environment from the beginning. 8.1.2 Making Learning Communities: Classs map as Teach communities both teacher and their pupils benefit – in both societal and academic countries – from working with each other over a full programme. 8.1.3 Extinguishing Stigma of Dependency: The construct group work and peer rating removed the stigma of being excessively dependent on the instructor Writing stuffs.8.2 Failings8.2.1 Students engagement Some scholars will non lend in due to the deficiency of involvement or proficiency 8.2.2 Stipulated Time The period allotted might non be sufficient for certain undertaking. Thus this will hold or sometimes disrupt the whole programme construction. 8.2.3 Truly in equal marker Some scholars will non adhere by the regulations set in equal marker when it comes to appraisal. Favoritisms and ego -centered will act upon the observation9.0 DecisionIt is expected that by go toing this theoretical account of English remedial direction it will be good to low English winners. Students will derive well in grammar and vocabulary and they will besides bit by bit better in their overall English competency. Based on the remarks from the referees it can be concluded that scholars will be efficaciously better their English authorship accomplishments through the prepared class faculty for the remedial programme. A well-designed class will decidedly give them encouragement and support to promote their English proficiency and be prepared for the following degree, pre=intermediate.10.0 PART D7 HOUR LESSON PLAN REMEDIAL PROGRAMME – ENGLISH LANGUAGEPurposes: by the terminal of my lesson, pupils will be able to compose a full-length essay on Endangered Species and better their attack of composing schemes. Auxiliary purpose: pupils will be able to better their usage of associating words in controlled and less controlled authorship activities on Endangered SpeciessEvidence: ( How will I know I have achieved the purpose? )Students will be able to finish effect and short authorship scheme undertakings: Quizzes, Test Students will be able to finish their group presentation and compose a full length essay on Endangered Species.Materials:Course Content prepared by Elementary instructors from the English Department of Hin Hua High School, Klang. 1. New Opportunities Students Book ( Module 7- Endangered Species ) 2. Multimedia devices 3. Cultural consciousness Context: Endangered SpeciessAnticipated ProblemsSolutions1.Students have no cognition of Endangered Species Promote them to look at the exposure 2.Students are non able to do connexion with the subject Promote them to work in groups 3.Students find composing within the clip frame really demanding Set and maintain rigorous clip bounds 4. Students may non understand the right vocabulary use for the undertaking Pre-teach the vocabulary before pupils do the undertakings 5. Students may non be able to compose much about Endangered Speciess Get them to work in groups and portion thoughts.Premises1. Some pupils have cognition of Endangered Species and hold read about them 2. Students have cognition of the extinction of animate beings. 3. Some pupils have had exposure through the media and cyberspace on the Endangered Species development. 4. Students have sufficient vocabulary to get down the authorship. 5. Students understand and use some linking words and sequence connections taught. Timing ( mins ) Phase name Procedure Purpose Interaction 30 Ice- Breaker Teacher sticks up assorted sorts of carnal images on the whiteboard and asks pupils to do a conjectures on animate beings of endangered species. T negotiations about the images and T proctors activity. T gets feedback on activity and writes a few conjectures on WB To warm up the category and to set up a game- like ambiance To research around the category, to be introduced to the subject of endangered species, bit by bit To interchange positions for their picks with grounds given T -S T – Second S – Second T – Second S – Second 30 Pre-writing ( a ) After feedback, T gives a presentation on several species of endangered animate beings and their characters and populating wonts utilizing PPT ( Giant Pandas, North China Tiger, African Elephant, Dolphin and Gorillas ) T prepares a cartridge holder of picture â€Å" ICE AGE † in order to steer the pupils to discourse on the grounds of people killing animate beings To set up context and to utilize scholar ‘s conventional cognition of the animate beings on the whole to unite it with the lesson ‘s subject T – Second T – Second 30 Pre-writing ( B ) I. After feedback, T gives each group a set of images of animate beings and asks them to place the endangered species. two. After feedback, T advises scholars to look at it complete and this clip, to happen out why are these animate beings in danger and the grounds for it. To advance group work to place the images, to work out context in groups and to trip bottom-up reading accomplishments To work out in context intent and audience, in groups and trip top-down reading accomplishments S – Second T – Second S – Second T – Second 30 Pre- Teaching Vocabulary After feedback, T holds the attending of Ss to the unknown word in the context ; T elicits their significance in context, utilizing mini- lexicon from the New Opportunities Students Book, To pre-teach unknown vocabulary, to work out its significance in context, utilizing the dictionary and to pattern emphasis, modulation and beat T – Second T – Second S – Second 30 Pre – Writing ( degree Celsius ) After feedback, T assigns two paragraphs for each group to work on, and hands out a wh-comprehension undertaking to finish for their paragraphs Ss are to come to the w/b and put the strips of paper one under the other To pattern reading accomplishments, such as scanning and reading for item To reorder the strips of paper on the w/b, to show it as a whole, and to utilize it as a springboard for the brainstorming session S -S T – Second S – Second 30 Brainstorming: T asks Ss to believe why some animate beings are endangered and ways of assisting the endangered animate beings T prepares a cartridge holder of picture â€Å" ICE AGE † in order to steer the pupils to discourse on the grounds of people killing animate beings During the activity, T goes about, proctors and provides aid where necessary. To trip their conventional cognition of the endangered animate beings, to unite their scheme to culturally targeted subjects All thoughts are to be brainstorm in their group for bring forthing bill of exchanges S – Second T – Second S – Second 60 While – Writing ( Rough Draft ) Peer rating Thymine informs them that they will hold to compose their ain thoughts down, in order they like on a piece of paper, -one group member will compose the bill of exchange and the others will give aid and counsel. During the activity, T goes around proctors and provides aid Ss exchange documents with the other squad and give remarks on each other ‘s work To compose a unsmooth bill of exchange, to choose thoughts and to set up a point of view To advance coaction amongst group members, to peer-evaluate, to offer support and counsel with written work S – Second S – Second 60 While – Writing ( First Draft ) Peer rating T advises S to rewrite the essay every bit good as select which thoughts will travel to each paragraph, in their squads T tells them that one of them will compose and the others will assist out After composing, T tells Ss to trade documents and give them to the other group to remarks To set up information, to construction the text ( White and Arndt 1991 ) To work collaboratively to accomplish an purpose To advance co-operation to accomplish a end, to peer evaluate, to react to the first bill of exchange and to give feedback on the content ( Raimes cited in Gaith 2002 ) T – Second T – Second S -S T – Second S -S 60 While – Writing ( Second Draft ) Editing T advises S to rewrite the bill of exchanges, much better, now, they ‘ve got the feedback from other groups After composing, T tells Ss to read out what they ‘ve written To better the accomplishment of authorship ( Charles 1990 ) To redact, to proof-read content S – Second T – Second 60 Post – Writing ( Finished Draft ) T advises Ss to get down their single authorship on the foolscap paper provided T gives Ss appraisal Markss based the authorship produced To show their pieces of complete authorship S – Second T – Second