Housewife in India and Pakistan Essay

In India different approaches to domestic responsibilities are found in the various ethnic groups. In a Hindu family, the head of the family is the Griha Swami (Lord of the House) and his wife is the Griha Swamini(Lady of the House). The Sanskrit words Grihast and Grihasta perhaps come closest to describing the entire gamut of activities and roles undertaken by the householder or housewife. Grih is the Sanskrit root for house or home; Grihasta and Grihast are derivatives of this root, as is Grihastya. The couple lives in the state called Grihastashram or family system and together they nurture the family and help its members (both young and old) through the travails of life. The woman who increments the family tree (bears children) and protects those children is described as the Grihalakshmi (the wealth of the house) and Grihashoba (the glory of the house). The elders of the family are known as Grihshreshta. The husband or wife may engage in countless other activities which may be social, religious, political or economic in nature for the ultimate welfare of the family and society. However, their unified status as joint householders is the nucleus from within which they operate in society. The ‘status’ of a woman as a housewife anchors them in society and provides meaning to their activities within the social, religious, political and economic framework of their world. However, as India undergoes modernisation, many women are in employment, particularly in the larger cities such as Mumbai or Delhi, where most women will work. In Muslim families, use of the term housewife (or its equivalent) is uncommon, even though housewives are very common and stay-at-home husbands are extremely rare. Muslim society sets different expectations for the husband and wife, but respects their individuality.

Critique the Proposal That Van Leer Has Prepared for Total Essay

First of all, the proposal has identified everything that TOTAL was seeking to obtain. These were (1) the best prices at each location based on the overall purchasing volume for the group, (2) all quoted prices would be firm for one year, with a multi-year proposal including the escalation on cost of raw materials starting at the second year, (3) an annual rebate based on purchasing levels, and (4) suppliers were asked to include information on their quality assurance and drum collecting facilities. Secondly, every element of the proposal was clear, concise and straight to the point. However, to increase its effectiveness, the proposal may need to assess more on the TOTAL’s needs, demonstrating to TOTAL that Van Leer has a clear understanding of their situation. On the other hand, the proposal has succeeded in identifying the problem- that being the high cost of the proposed unit process in France and outside of France. Thus, by offering rebates and establishing a cumulative discount policy on all purchasing in Europe, the problem of high unit costs will be improved. Moreover, by providing information of their Quality Assurance programs and Drum Recovery and reconditioning program, their quality of services can be collaborated by both TOTAL and Van Leer. Assuming that TOTAL also has their own sets of Quality of Service policies, both parties will be able to negotiate with one another and exchange their policies to an agreement and implement on it. The proposal however, does not show the method on how the negotiation will be conducted. This is crucial in guaranteeing atomicity property in the process given that both parties are honest throughout. – If TOTAL declines Van Leer’s offer, it would best if Van Leer holds firm on its price they quoted instead of countering it with a reduction in price. This is because there is no use in putting their business at risk of failure, endangering their operation’s survival. Furthermore, Van Leer were not the only ones affected by the rise in price of steel (15%), but other steel drum companies are also affected by it. Therefore, it is most likely that they were also forced to readjust their prices of steel. Hence the chances of TOTAL switching suppliers were very slim unless the competition offered more comparable international discounts, while maintaining existing market prices- this too is very unlikely due to the high rise in steel prices. Moreover, even if TOTAL were to decline the offer, Van Leer will still stand to be one of the world’s leading steel drum manufacturer- with market share of 37% in Europe in 1995, whilst Blagden, a British company, holding 35% and Gallay-Mauser with 12% market share.

Traditional Training Methods

Organizations of today have a variety of methods to choose from when training their employees. There have been many technological advances in the training industry, however most employers prefer to utilize the traditional methods due to viability and effectiveness of these training formats. The most used traditional training methods are instructor-led, hands-on, and interactive.There are many types of instructor-led trainings such as blackboard or whiteboard, overhead projector, video, PowerPoint, and storytelling. Storytelling is the most effective technique because trainees can communicate openly and feel less threatened by their response for there is no wrong or right answer. The instructor-led method has advantages that out weigh disadvantages.The advantages of this method are: 1) Instructor-led classroom training is an efficient method for presenting a large body of material to large or small groups of employees; 2) It is a personal, face-to-face type of training as opposed to c omputer-based training and other methods we will discuss later; 3) It ensures that everyone gets the same information at the same time; 4) It is cost-effective, especially when not outsourced to guest speakers; and 5)Storytelling grabs people’s attention. BLR, 2011) The disadvantages of this method are: 1) Sometimes it is not interactive; 2) Too much of the success of the training depends on the effectiveness of the lecturer; 3) Scheduling classroom sessions for large numbers of trainees can be difficult—especially when trainees are at multiple locations. (BLR, 2011) The hands-on traditional training method enables employees to learn while doing their job. This method utilizes several techniques to train employees such as cross-training, demonstrations, coaching, and apprenticeships.The advantages of hands-on are its effectiveness in training of new equipment and new procedures; it is applicable to trainees’ jobs, as well as enables trainers to determine a train ee retains learned new skills and procedures. The disadvantages are that it is not applicable in large groups; personal training limits trainer’s time spent with other trainees; and apprenticeships are expensive to companies that pay for employees who are less productive than others. (BLR, 2011) The last traditional training is the interactive method. The interactive method enables trainee involvement as well as holds their attention to information to be learned.This method can utilize quizzes, small group discussions, case studies, question cards, and role playing to influence trainees actively participate. The advantages of this method are trainee involvement resulting in retained new information; fun and enjoyable training; the sharing of experience and knowledge from veteran employees to newer employees; in-session feedback on new employee performance. The main disadvantage is time constraints due to activities such as quizzes that take longer. (BLR, 2011) My review of tr aditional training methods has influenced my opinion of which methods are effective and ineffective.The most effective method would be the hand-on method. This method would make available the opportunity for employees to experience the jobs and responsibilities of other coworkers which would expand knowledge and skill levels. The ineffective method would be the interactive method. This method although fun and enjoyable would not guarantee that the required information would be learned or retained.ReferencesBLR Employee Training Center. (2011). The Most Effective Training Techniques. Retrieved on April 14, 2011 from http://training. blr. com/employee-training-resources/How-to-Choose-the-Most-Effective-Training-Techniques

Discussion Board 4-2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Discussion Board 4-2 - Assignment Example Marketers of the drug continue to pass insufficient and misleading information to the potential consumers and even failing to warn that overdose of the drugs can suppress breathing and lead to death (Hart & Ksir, 2011). To achieve effectiveness, marketers of Ambien and Lunesta should sensitize consumers that high dose of short-acting drugs cannot substitute the long-acting barbiturate drugs. The general effect of the approach used in marketing Ambien and Lunesta relates to consumers perceiving the drugs as only sleep inducers (Hart & Ksir, 2011). Many distressed individuals have resorted into using the drugs especially when they cannot sleep. The marketing approach that depicts the drugs as good for causing sleep has made societies across the world overrate the benefits of the drugs. Instead of seeking to handle social issues amicably and soberly, people tend to take short-cuts through the use of Lunesta and Ambien that can quickly drive one into sleep. In addition, the marketing of Ambien and Lunesta as less likely to cause dependency has seen increased preference of the drugs among

Describing Some Special Interest, Significant Experience, or Personal Statement

Describing Some Special Interest, Significant Experience, or Achievement Relevant - Personal Statement Example Also, I convinced business owners to do their part by placing their business name on donation bags as part of their business promotion campaign. This idea was very well received and as a result of it, many ordinary members also decided to contribute in the form of a cash gift. 2. Knowledge or creativity in a field: Describe any of your special interests and how you have developed knowledge in these areas. Give examples of your creativity: the ability to see alternatives; take diverse perspectives; come up with many, varied, or original ideas; or willingness to try new things. I have been interested in economics from a very young age. I was encouraged by my grandparents to open up a cow-house. This was a great experience until Korea struck a new Free Trade Agreements with the United States. This caused livestock prices to fall and the whole sector experienced to slowdown. I was fascinated by the way that this FTA affected the Korean economy in different ways and this made me reflect more on economics, including factors like limited capital and external changes. I learned to recognize market and economic trends and this helped to develop my creativity in terms of economics and its related fields. 3. Dealing with adversity: Describe the most significant challenge you have faced and the steps you have taken to address this challenge. Include whether you turned to anyone in facing that challenge, the role that person played, and what you learned about yourself. Working a part-time job is not easy. I experienced some difficulties with one particular supervisor. He was very critical of my work. The more he tried to hassle me at work, the tougher and stronger I became. I was not going to let him treat me like an idiot. I turned to my senior co-workers and begged them to train me so that our supervisor could never find a reason to pick on me. I was able to prove that I could do the job and much more.  Ã‚  

Think like a historian Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Think like a historian - Essay Example because of three main aspects; one, it enables the researcher to be able to dig deep into all information available about something and later determine whether it is believable or not. Secondly, it enables the research to come up with evidence that is supportive to achieve conclusions and information that is reliable. Finally, these two lead one to have a better understanding of an occurrence of history. The following essay will highlight three effective ways that define the thinking like a historian process that is sourcing, corroborating, and contextualization. In addition, it will categorize them as either compelling or problematic in their approach. The phrase â€Å"to think like a historian† literally means that a historian should have in their mind the reason for going after a piece of history. This means that one has to have the goal of understanding questions that are fundamental regarding human existence at the back of their minds. Boyle in her book states that, â€Å"history is structured around a specific time period or geographical areas† 1. This simplified implies that one has to understand the reasons for human behaviour during the period under focus. All these cannot be made possible by merely observing the event mentioned directly but requires hints and mediation of whatever remains from that contextual occurrence to succeed in thinking like one, which in the end will solve all the queries that one has regarding a historical problem2. The first step in involved in thinking like a historian is sourcing. Sourcing is the process of finding out more information about a historical occurrence, which requires the use of documents, sound recordings, films, or any object that is in any way linked to the subject in exploration. In short, sourcing will assist one in answering questions regarding the event’s participants, reasons for the event, the implications of the event, the time of its occurrence and just any relevant information there may be. Under

The Global Significance of the Middle East Essay

The Global Significance of the Middle East - Essay Example The global significance of the Middle East in a broader sense is defined by religious, economic, and political factors. This religion has enormously contributed in past global civilizations. Its economic hub has benefited uncountable nations through the resources held in this region. Most importantly, the emergence and spread of Islam, and the rise of terrorism threats have placed Middle East at a critical global focus. A notable example here is the 9/11 terrorist attacks in the U.S2. Essentially, the political organization of the region has continued to inform the region’s global influence. The realized global significance of the Middle East is based on its strategic location, resources held, and its relations with the rest of the world. The region is rich in oil and natural gas, resources that drive a great deal of people’s lives globally. Its location also stands in a path that offers global connectivity through transport. Most importantly, linking of a number of countries in Middle East with terrorist activities has made the region significant to consider. Religious and political scrutiny of the region has attracted global attention. Middle East’s global significance has strained its ties and relations with some countries, while streamlining those of its allies. This has resulted in variant views and perspectives regarding this region. Proof of terrorism emanating from the region could justify such strained relations. However, global interdependence holds the significance of Middle East as a positive

As the United States industrialized, the demands for labor shifted Essay

As the United States industrialized, the demands for labor shifted increasingly from farms and plantations to factories. Explain the factors, in addition to rac - Essay Example More people shifted to the urban areas as a result of industrialization. Business was concentrated in the urban areas. An estimated 25 million immigrants moved to the United States between 1870 and 1916. The most successful of these immigrants were those who came from Europe. They created the workforce required for the new business activity. They also became consumers for the products which were made by industries. Many immigrants from Europe became rich due to huge fortunes from business boom (Bodnar, 1985). European immigrants soon overcame the new labor demand for a growing American economy. The economic growth allowed accommodating the migrants. European immigrants had diversified cultural, religious and national origins. Most of the American states that had the highest per capita incomes had a large population of immigrants. Europeans were able to better integrate and assimilate themselves into American society. No immigrant group could realistically mount any effective challenge that would help them resist assimilation. The healthy US economy and the ability of European immigrants to accommodate them into American society helped ensure their material progress and success. There was a mass migration of Swedes during the mid nineteenth century to the United States. Economic and political conditions in Sweden were very harsh. Land in the Midwest was sold at cheap rates to European peasants. The political and religious freedom of the United States attracted the Swedish immigrants. They had a high literacy rate which enabled to become successful in the United States. Swedish migrants established prosperous farming settlements in the virgin land of the Midwest. Other Swedes went to the cities taking whatever jobs they could. Swedish females became housemaids in American families. Swedes were also welcome by the Americans because of their assimilation into American culture. Another highly successful immigrant group was that

Legal Institutions and Methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Legal Institutions and Methods - Essay Example Another indictable offense in another area of law is murder. b) In summary conviction of an offense committed under section 3 of the Act an individual is subject to imprisonment for a term of not more than 12 months or a fine not in excess of the maximum under the statute or both the imprisonment and the fine. Question 1 (part c) There are two different procedures involved in the annulment of statutory instruments in parliament. These two procedures are the negative procedure and the affirmative procedure. Negative procedure Statutory instruments may be annulled if either House of parliament passes a motion to annul the statutory instrument. This time for annulment is usually 40 days from the day the motion to annul it was laid although this time which parliament is dissolved or when both houses are adjourned for more than four days. A motion to annul a statutory instrument is referred to as a prayer. Any member in the House of Commons may put down a motion to annul the statutory ins trument in respect to the Negative procedure. These motions are Early Day Motions and no time is fixed for the motions. On the other hand, an individual member may table a motion in the House of Lords with the prayers to annul the statutory instrument. Where there are no objections to the statutory instrument subject to this procedure then there is no parliamentary procedure on it. The motions for annulment are debated in parliament, but often by the delegated legislation committee, and where necessary a vote is conducted to annul such instrument. Affirmative procedure Although this procedure is less common than the Negative procedure, it provides a more rigorous parliamentary control. This is so because the instrument must receive the approval of parliament before it is annulled. Statutory instruments subject to affirmative procedure are laid before parliament in draft orders. The draft order has to be approved by parliament in order to be printed and become effective. A motion app roving a draft order has to be made by both houses. The responsibility to approve it lies with the minister laying the order for approval. A statutory instrument subject to this procedure also requires 28 or 40 days after it is laid in parliament to be annulled or remain in force. The relevant minister prepares a motion in this respect and it is upon the minister to ensure that the statutory instrument is discussed within a reasonable time. Question 1 (part d) i) Tom has committed an offense under section 3(1) of the Act by passing information to his friend Bill. The Act prohibits a relevant person from passing information without lawful authority. Tom falls under the category of a relevant person pursuant to section 4 (c) of the Act, which defines a relevant person to include individuals engaged by the BBC. Section 7 of the Act provides that if an individual commits an offense under section 3 then that person is liable to imprisonment for a period not exceeding two years or to a fi ne on conviction on indictment or imprisonment for a period not exceeding 12 months or a fine on summary conviction. ii) the provisions of sub section 5 implies that if an individual commits an offence under section 3 (2) of the Act then the individual can

Culturally competent nursing care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Culturally competent nursing care - Essay Example Though the nurse was a little tough by insisting on the medication which would improve him and indicating that there was no reason for him not to take it, the patient obliged. She reminded him that this was the protocol in the post operative ward and the patient’s comfort was foremost in her mind. Her frustrated attitude was because she could not gauge why patients refuse necessary medications which could only benefit them. Deep down in my heart, I could understand why the patient refused to take the medication. The nurse was right in carrying out her duty but she could have utilized her knowledge of cultural diversity and respected the patient’s wishes. The Chinese believe that medications must be a last resort. Many in my country only take them when the pain is unbearable. This idea may seem old-fashioned to the modern world but they work for us. Demographic changes have reflected an increasingly diverse population globally. The immigration of people of varying races, ethnicity and cultures into America has similarly changed the demography. This increasingly multicultural profile of the American population requires that nurses provide culturally competent care in nursing. Leininger (1999) defined transcultural nursing â€Å"as a formal area of study, research, and practice which focuses on care beliefs based on culture, values and practices to help cultures or subcultures, not just maintain or regain their health system but also help facing disabilities or death in culturally congruent and beneficial caring ways† (Leininger, 1999). Hospitalized patients and their families are subjected to numerous stresses. If nurses lack cultural awareness and fail to provide culturally competent care, patients are more likely to experience increased stress and inadequate care provided by nurses. The understanding and provision of culturally competent care by nurses will make a difference to the health outcomes of many cultural

Compare an revolution to civil war Research Paper

Compare an revolution to civil war - Research Paper Example The similarities and differences are also stated and explained. Revolution may be caused by army and rebellious groups with a certain motive which will be of their advantages. This leads to the major types of revolutions that are experienced globally. The first one is the violent and sudden revolution that seeks to transform the entire nation establishing new political systems that prioritize the citizens’ issues. The other revolutions are the political revolutions in which the government is replaced but other structures like property relations are left intact. The best example of such a revolution is the French revolution that happened in 1830 and 1848. Political revolutions entail mass mobilization and more fundamental economic, cultural and social change (Briton, 12). The final types of revolutions involve the sweeping but slow changes of the entire society that take several generations to be embraced globally or in a certain nation. One example is the religion which is spread out from one generation to another in the changing of people’s beliefs. The other example that has being evident globally is the industrial revolution which has been gradually embraced by nations to develop various machines. Industrial Revolution in Britain was really propelled by the development of a steam engine that would enable the pumping of water from coal mines thus enabling deeper mining in the ground (Downing, 7). The one cause that leads to rising of revolution in any nation is when democracy is undermined and collapsed by the reigning regime. Undermining of democracy could be a result of the authoritarian leadership. This leadership does not give the citizens the freedom to express their grievances forward to be met by the people in power. This contends that for a country to expand economically and reduce the rise of revolution there has to be a strong, independent middle class that entails rational legal

Bronchodilator Essay Example for Free

Bronchodilator Essay By definition, a bronchodilator is a drug used for the treatment of chronic breathing complications such as emphysema, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease also known as COPD. Bronchodilators are used to reverse the effect of obstructed airways acting as decompressor and mucus removers that cause breathing complications. There is short term or short acting bronchodilators that act as â€Å"rescue medications† (Webmd. com). These rescue medications are used in more emergency instances as with asthma. Long-acting bronchodilators are used for the maintance of such diseases as COPD which is more chronic. Each bronchodilator type â€Å"opens bronchial tubes so that air can move through†¦. And help clear mucus from lungs (webmd. com). Bronchodilators such as uniphyl and Phyllocontin come in the form of a pill or tablet and are a sustained release formulation of another drug called Theophylline which opens constricted lung passages. These are more long term treatments. Short term or more frequent usage as with advair, symbicort, serevent, Foradil, are inhaled and last between two and four hours while long term tablets use lasts upwards of 12 hours. Although bronchodilators provide control over congested airways, they also act as stimulants and have an array of side effects. These side effects include: nervousness, hyperactivity, heart palpations, upset stomach, trouble sleeping, and muscle aches. Bronchodilators are approved by the FDA and originated in emergency room settings, where the necessity was abundant for chronic asthma attack patients. Albuterol, commonly used for the maintenance of asthma in an inhaler form is often however more effective than most other long acting bronchodilators. Albuterol is considered an anticholinergic bronchodilator. As previously mentioned, theophylline, an inexpensive bronchodilator acts as a stimulant similar to caffeine. Theophylline stimulants the heart and nervous system, relaxing airway muscles. Some side effects of its use include nausea, diarrhea, stomach ache, headache, and irregular heartbeat. Some bronchodilators contain adrenaline so mixing with other stimulating drugs for the treatment of high blood pressure, diabetes; thyroid, hyperactivity, and heart disease are discouraged from the use of bronchodilators. Inhaled bronchodilators â€Å"enable the drug to reach into the lungs for maximum benefits† (medicine. net). It is a possibility to overdose on inhaled bronchodilators. Some signs of overdose include seizures, headaches, fainting and dizziness, and chest pains. If one is experiencing symptoms similar while using inhaled bronchodilators it is advised to visit a local emergency room or primary care physician. Alternate treatment conducive to bronchodilators includes pulmonary rehab and therapy. Excessive use of bronchodilators makes the treatments less effective and increases the probability of side effects. It is uncommon to have allergic reactions to bronchodilators but in the event, rash, itching, swelling and further complications occur, further use is discouraged. Some conditions treatable with bronchodilators are commonly COPD or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. COPD is â€Å"an irreversible disease associated with air flow obstruction†. (purdue. ca/products/products-asthma-asb) COPD umbrellas a category of other conditions such as emphysema, (irreversible lung damage/over inflation/weaking of air sacs) and chronic bronchitis (inflammation and scarring of airways tubes. Common symptoms of these conditions include: chronic chough, wheezing increased mucus, shortness of breath, and tiresome minimal activity. COPD is more predominantly caused by cigarette smoking however; other causes may include genetics, air pollution, cystic fibrosis, and childhood infections. Another condition treatable with bronchodilators is asthma. Asthma is also a chronic lung disease that causes swelling of the airways which creates complications with breathing. Causes of asthma are less solid than those of COPD but implicate being due to an† immune-mediated processing which inflammatory cells and inflammatory mediators enter airway tissues to cause disease† (purdue. ca/products/products-asthma. asp). One who is diagnosed with asthma often becomes sensitive to hair sprays, cosmetics, cleaners, paints, pollens, animals and cock roaches, chemicals, temperature, and even some foods, An asthma attack is experienced with shortness of breath, wheezing, chest tightening, persistent coughed and dyspnea. Bronchodilators are most effectively used while avoiding things that further complicate breathing. This is especially true with cigarette smoke which should be avoided first and second hand. Bronchodilators work most when used according to prescription and consistency. One should always educate self when or before exposing the body to such drugs as bronchodilators which are often stimulants and cause brief and sudden body changes.

Self-management of patients with continuing care needs

Self-management of patients with continuing care needs In essence, patient self-management in relation to their health, encompasses a patients ability to handle an illness experience, to cope with undergoing treatment or make suitable lifestyle changes (Mulligan 2009). The concept was introduced to the health field by Kate Lorig who reached conclusions patients health and subsequently health service costs connected to them being an inpatient can be reduced by encouraging self-management (Lorig 2001). These ideas are utilized in the generic long-term conditions model which emphasizes patients are not happy to be in hospital unless it is completely essential (DOH 2010), (Appendix 1). Effective self-management is also widely thought to reduce the likelihood of hospital admission, and many argue patients prefer to be given access to the information necessary to facilitate a respected voice in decision making processes (Gibson et al 2004, Newman et al 2004). Linked to self-management is also the concept of self care described as a requirement for success in controlling many chronic illnesses including diabetes (Berg 2007), and asthma (Cortes 2004). Self care is also described holistically as essential to the well-being of those with chronic illnesses with continuing care needs in nursing homes (Bickerstaff et al 2003), in the community, (Sharkey 2005), in hospital, intermediate, or rehabilitative settings (Singleton 2000, Coleman 2004). Conversely, low self-esteem, low health literacy, and/or deprivation are barriers to utilization of self-management strategies (Williams et al 2011). Those most likely to participate in self-management are young, middle-class females (Coben 2005). Whilst those lacking literacy skills may not manage as well and family care-giving actions differ between ethnic and socio-economic groups (Larsen 2009). People who suffer a disproportionally high prevalence rate for chronic conditions are those with learning disabilities (Presho 2009) and ability to comprehend and enact management regimes might affect the efficacy of education initiatives with this population. The Expert Patient Program, a 6 week, lay-led course teaching self-care, is a prominent initiative expected to be more cost effective than usual care (NSF 2010, Richardson 2007). Although the EPPs effectiveness to enable improvements in patients self management ability regarding physical symptoms has been disputed (Gately 2007). Perhaps this is due to complex combinations of assorted medications, lifestyle adaptations, and bothersome side effects which are implicated as adversely affecting patients perseverance with management plans (Barlow 2002, Touchette 2008). GP business care plans developed in the UK propose introducing courses using self-management handbooks could reduce expenditure on asthma management (Appendix 4). Yet Cortes argues such asthma education programs neglect specific needs of older people identified as price of medication, problems undertaking management plans, poor quality of life, and troubles accessing health care (Cortes 2004). These opinions contradict the development of Lorigs ideas that self-management enables the best quality of life, but since healthcare information has the greatest effects on outcomes when it is goal orientated (Bodenheimer 2002, Barlow 2002, Kralik et al 2004), maybe older peoples self management goals need more attention. Concurrent with increased longevity and lifestyle factors like poor diet, obesity and related chronic disease is predicted to increase greatly in prevalence (Wang 2010, Mulligan 2009, Armstrong 2005, and Keen 2010). Diabetes has well recognized links between weight and illness progression (Patel 2003), and has also recently been blamed for advancing cognitive deterioration through vascular dementia (Luchsinger 2001). Therefore tightening diabetes control in early stages may vastly improve future health as illness limits mobility, and dementia/retinopathy hamper potential to access self-care resources (Sinclair 2000). Notably due to widespread sensitivity over weight, healthcare professionals should be non-judgmental towards patients with chronic conditions, especially considering psychological and psychosocial implications connected to adjustment to an illness, including guilt, fear, stigma, confidence loss, and isolation (Presho 2008). It was observed during a TIDE (Type 1 Diabetes Education) diabetes specialist nurse led session that those with busy manual working lives find it difficult to take time to self-manage by adjusting insulin to activity levels or establishing a routine of carbohydrate counting and insulin adjustment. Others find calculations following the DAFNE (Dose Adjustment for Normal Eating) structure, hard to understand. Several patients who had suffered previous traumatic hypoglycemic episodes felt anxious about reducing insulin intake, and reported differences in advice from GPs, and nurses as well as confusion over new insulin analogues and devices. This indicates understanding patients as unique individuals, timing and convenience of interventions are important. Furthermore providing clear, consistent advice appeared allied to development of positive attitudes towards nurses education interventions. Studies suggest structured education in type 1 diabetes has improved patients maintenance of glucose targets and a reduction in occurrences of hypoglycemia changed peoples attitudes to education (Heller 2009). Also those with greater understanding of and confidence in adjusting insulin appropriate to activity, with less anxiety over following a fixed regime to avoid hypoglycemia achieve top self-management in type 1 diabetes (Whitehead 2008). On a stroke rehabilitation unit, patients with multiple conditions, particularly diabetes, asthma, and Parkinsons had restricted motor function. Yet nurses could provide encouragement for patients to express concerns, to relieve some psychological distress or help empower patients with the required self-confidence to make decisions (Costello 2009). Patients expressed difficulty with waiting for physios to engage in movement improving circulation, but self-administered some medication and carers views and choices underpinned care planning as recommended in Essence of Care benchmarks, via regular carers group meetings (DOH 2010). Chronic disease is the leading cause of death worldwide (Larsen 2005) and literature establishes dependent peoples needs are equality, rehabilitation, and independence. Furthermore security and dignity are important to older peoples mental health (Presho 2008). On a local scale Manchesters operational plan illustrates emergency admissions for asthma is greatest in the North East and prevention is being addressed with annual health checks provision improving recently. Whilst the national continuing care framework commenced in 2007 promises to ensure national equity of access to NHS funding for continuing care (NHS 2010). Significantly Our Health and Wellbeing Today (DOH 2010) suggests national morbidity is greatest from circulatory disease, which is particularly high in lower socioeconomic groups. These groups also have the greatest prevalence of anxiety and depression and have increased likelihood of having chronic conditions such as diabetes, which has led enquiring researchers to suggest depression as a factor that precipitates and perpetuates chronic conditions (Chapman 2005). Socioeconomics is also reported to determine medication adherence in asthmatics (Kaptain 2009). Victim blame might occur if expectations patients follow structured management programs ignore social contexts of illnesses, (Lindsay 2009) so emphasis should be on developing realistic goals. The kings fund review of self-management highlights that patients perceptions of self management differ according to how they receive a diagnosis, and these attitudes can change over time. Differentiation was noted between diagnosis of asthma or diabetes, where it was felt greater clarity existed, than of Parkinsons disease for which diagnosis takes longer (Coben 2005). Disclosing a medical condition could also have implications for patients quality of life, and a study of anecdotes from Parkinsons patients demonstrated those with confidence to disclose their illness subsequently achieved greater measured anxiety reduction (Presho 2008). Notably research shows patients fret significantly about psychological consequences of physical disability (Miller 2006). Concealment could be due to perceived stigma and misconceptions about the disease or depression about associated decline, physical disability and being a burden (Moore Knowles 2006). Alternatively challenges of symptom management such as sleeping problems and fatigue, sexual dysfunction and cognitive impairment might lead to depression (Schrag, Jahanshahi, Quinn, 2001; Schreurs, De Ridder, Bensing, 2000). Similarly emotional responses to asthma can impact upon attitudes towards taking prevention medication which enables control, and alongside non-adherence patient stress increases leading to depression, anxiety or inability to cope (Kaptain 2009). Interventions aimed at managing pre-diabetes and mild asthma, that miss-managed, could contribute to the development of diabetes mellitus and chronic airway disease (Murphy 2007), are well developed and promoted by the charities Diabetes and Asthma UK (Appendix 3). It is especially important to promote good control since poor control negatively impacts on the affected persons quality of life and also their families (NICE 2008). Also individuals reportedly favor self-management because controlling their health affords greater sense of autonomy (Corben 2005). The EPP has incentives of providing greater knowledge about treatment decisions with the underlying expectancy patients have authentic understanding of their own conditions, and greater recognition of patients roles should give them self-confidence to protect future health (DOH 2001). Illness progression might be reduced by lifestyle changes, therefore nurses have a role in promoting patients independence, well-being, and in encouraging active ageing (NMC 2009). In 2005 the Kings fund report highlighted that major challenges to promoting self management were; developing professionals supportive skills, improving services and information available to facilitate patients self-management, and becoming more flexible to fit compatibly around patients other commitments (Rosen 2005). Dorothea Orem created a comprehensive model of nursing which can be applied to individuals to assess level of self-care ability (Appendix 2). Orem conceptualizes nursing as doing for a disabled person with a self-care deficit, or assisting them/family to do for their selves (Orem 2003). Further to this Orem formulated three systems of nursing to apply, of which partially compensatory nursing seems appropriate for stroke patients, whilst a supportive-educative role suits structured education sessions (i.e. TIDE). The effects of an education intervention delivering the DESMOND program (Appendix 5) for patients with type 2 diabetes to newly diagnosed patients over a period of 6 hours measuring cost effectiveness and quality adjusted years are reported by a randomized trial to have positive effects particularly on reducing patients weight and the amount they smoke (Gillett 2010). Issues of self-efficacy and self-management prominent features of the DESMOND that have been found to build patients confidence (Davies 2008, Skinner 2006) are key to developing a sense of well being in rehabilitation (Presho 2008). Nevertheless, concerns nurses might have include doubts about the patients being experts after what is actually a relatively short training period (Lindsay 2009). Moreover, there could be internal conflicts for nurses between applying structural protocols (i.e.) or professional ethics, and accepting a patients wish to continue a harmful behavior or health neglect. Farrell argued in 2004, active teaching on conditions and problem-solving to address medical issues better promotes self-efficacy than passivity (Farrell 2004). Yet it is important patients are equipped with enough knowledge to act as concordant partners and are supported with taking medications (Murphy 2007) (Appendix 7). Involving relatives in demonstrations of using metered dose inhalers is helpful with dependent asthmatic elders because direct patient observation by nurses supervising medication is often impossible once they have returned from hospital, (Schlenk 2004). Ability to encourage self-management requires nurses to listen, and respond to the concerns and preferences of people in their care (NMC Code), as well as sharing in a way people can understand, the information they want or need to know about their health (NMC code). This may include providing written supplementation to verbal information such as education leaflets or management diaries, and allowing adequate time for adjustment and decision making. Patients whose physical function has deteriorated significantly and continues to decline may be in a too highly dependent illness phase to benefit from strategies to return to normal function (Larsen 2009). Cochrane authors conclude evidence showing contracts improve patient adherence to health-promotion in adult asthma studies is limited (Bosch-Capblanch et al 2007), which suggests patients intentions when agreeing to follow advice is unreliable for predicting management outcomes. Patient self-reports are a simpler method of gleaning non-adherence information, are inexpensive, and possible in most settings (Schlenk 2004 cited by Ruppar 2008). Research observes patients with Parkinsons disease using Alexander Technique had a reduction in depression and improved capacity to manage their disability (Clark 2003). The essence of care is about getting to know and value people as individuals, (NMC Guidance for the care of Older People 2009) and nurses can recognize and respect peoples role in their own care. Evidence also suggests motivational interviewing can reduce depressive attitudes towards illness situations and to encourage positive action to improve health outcomes, therefore perhaps GPs and practice nurses should increase these services (Home and Carr 2009). Nurses can arrange social workers to speak to the patient, to engage with their family, find out their needs, compile appropriate packages of care and request doctors provide explanations of the mechanisms causing a stroke in dedicated wards which usually provide speech and language therapy, occupational, and physiotherapy. Dedicated stroke wards are shown by studies to improve outcomes after two years of patients who were independent prior to their stroke vis-à  -vis ADLs without lengthening stay (Glader 2001 and Cochrane Stroke Unit Trialists Collaboration 2007). It can be a stressful time for patients and family having to make continuing care decisions; therefore patients might seek support from others who have been in their situation (Help the Aged 2009). Gathering information allows patients to manage their illness alongside doctors, and sharing plans with friends and family, explaining their importance, can help them to follow them, there are purportedly around 6 million carers in the UK combining caring with paid employment, saving  £57 billion a year in care costs (Campling 2006, Costello 2009). Not every patient has supportive family members so professionals and expert patients, and charities can be significant. Especially interventions tailored to marginalized patients needs such as X-PERT education for type 2 diabetics undertaken in Urdu (Diabetes UK 2009). In critical phases of illness, which may be the point where a patients continuing care needs begin, patients relatives main needs are for information, support and proximity (Henneman 2002). In the case of Parkinsons disease conveying to patients families the hope that there are strategies for managing the condition, particularly in early stages, might reduce fear, negative impact and sense of stigma (Moore Knowles 2006). Managing pain and discomfort is often considered a challenging aspect of caring, and psychological aspects also cause pain. Total illness effects make it important for patients to have supportive family members to listen to them to find out potential causes/remedies (Costello 2009). Practitioners should be sensitive to needs of carers as well as patients, and evidence suggests nurse-led stroke carer sessions, responding to individuals concerns would be helpful (Smith 2004). A study using the stress and coping model (Lazarus and Folkman) to identify a relationship between sleep deprivation and depression in family care-givers found that individuals self-reports underestimated their problems (Carter 2003). People may feel that because they know their relative they are capable of best comprehending and providing for them, and this could lead to guilt about accepting assistance with care (Nolan 2000). Research into respite care suggests family carers expressed needs for information, skills training or education and emotional support (Hanson 2001). To decrease feelings of powerlessness and support independence for those with chronic conditions Larsen proposes five interventions to recommend to carers (Appendix 6) (Larsen 2009). Peak-flow monitoring, allergen avoidance, and the Buteyko method of symptoms control for mild asthma, based on correctly dosing steroids to maintain safe asthma control are found to be effective (McKeown 2003), as are diet, exercise, supplements and anti-diabetic medication as preventative strategies for type 2 diabetes, reducing heart attacks, microvascular disease, and death (Patel 2003). Though some studies suggest effectiveness reduces 1-3 months post intervention (Siminerio 2007). Subsequently insight into self-management adherence remains complex and under-researched, but supports identifying barriers to adherence and taking action to remove these (Touchette 2008). In liberating the NHS the symbiosis of adult social care, carers, and the NHS is recognized and promises are made to improve the convenience of services to patients (DOH 2010). To reiterate, according to the UK governments policy overall evidence suggests self-care results in beneficial outcomes and better service utilization, but this is largely based on primary studies as systematic reviews are reportedly too time consuming (DOH 2005-7). Systematic reviews also indicate clinical benefits for diabetic and hypertensive patients (Jordon and Osborne 2007). Although psychological benefits to patients appear widely well recognized (Lindsay 2009), patient self-determination requires more than medical management, (Greenhalgh 2009). Contrary to commissioners intentions studies show attendance at health services does not necessarily decrease following education sessions, although this may not indicate poor management as it could reflect success of techniques teaching patients confidence to converse with clinicians (Griffiths 2007). Since GPs are also accused of stalling EPP progress, dubious about its efficacy and under referring patients (Jordon Osborne 2007) it follows that nurses might take a key role in involving patients. The basis behind the EPP being best practice are aims to increase patient beliefs in health services efficacy, personal confidence, and ability to self manage (DOH 2010), therefore nurses are following policy implementing programs RCTs suggest achieve these outcomes (DOH 2005-7). Finally research highlights the importance of having clearer, comprehensive, shared definitions of self-management between health disciplines to reduce patient confusion and so professionals collaborate better (Godfrey 2011). References Armstrong, D. (2005) Chronic Illness: Epidemiological or social explosion, Chronic Illness, 1: 26-7 Barlow, J. H., Sturt, J., and Henshaw, H. (2002) Self-management interventions for people with chronic conditions in primary care: arthritis, asthma diabetes: Health Education Journal; Vol 61, issue 4, p 365-78 Barlow, J., Wright, C., Sheasby, J., Turner, A. and Hainsworth, J. (2002) Self-management approaches for people with chronic conditions: a review, Patient Education and Counseling, Vol 48, p 177-87 Berg, G.D., Wadhwa, S. (2007) Health Services outcomes for diabetes disease management program for the elderly: Disease Management; Volume 10, p 226-234 Bickerstaff, K. A., Grasser, C. M., McCabe, B. (2003) How elderly nursing home residents transcend losses of later life: Holistic Nursing Practice; Vol 17; Issue 3, p 159-165 Bodenheimer, T., Lorig, K., Holman, H., Grumbach, K. (2002) Patient Self-management of Chronic Disease in Primary Care: The Journal of the American Medical Association; Vol 288, Issue 19, p 2469-2475 Bosch Capblanch X, Abba K, Prictor M, Garner P (2007) Contracts between patients and healthcare practitioners for improving patients adherence to treatment, prevention and health promotion activities. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2): Art. No.: CD004808 BTS/SIGN (2008) British Guideline on the Management of Asthma: British Thoracic Society (21.02.11) http://www.britthoracic.org.uk/Portals/0/Clinical%20Information/Asthma/Guidelines/sign101%20revised%20June%2009.pdf Carter, P. (2003) Family Caregivers Sleep Loss and Depression Over Time: Cancer Nursing; Volume 26 Issue 4 p 253-259 Campling, F., and Sharpe, M. (2006) Living with a long-term illness: Oxford University Press Chapman, D. P., Perry, G. S, Strine, T. A., (2005) The Vital Link Between Chronic Disease Depressive Disorders: Preventing Chronic Disease, Public Health research, practice and policy; Volume 2, No 1 Clark, Chambers, C. (2003) Parkinsons disease: Self-Care Measures You Can Take: American Holistic Nurses Guide to Common Chronic Conditions: John Wiley Sons; New Jersey Cochrane (2011) Organised inpatient (stroke unit) care for stroke: Stroke Unit Trialists Collaboration; The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 3 http://www2.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab000197.html Corben, S., and Rosen, R. (2005) Self-management for Long-term Conditions, Patients perspectives of the way ahead; The Kings Fund: UK Cortes, T., Lee, A., Boal, J., Mion, L., Butler, A. (2004) Using focus groups to identify asthma self care and education issues for elderly urban-dwelling minority individuals: Journal of Applied Nursing Research; Volume 17, Issue 3, p 207-212 Costello, J. (2009) Caring for someone with a Long-term Illness: Manchester University Press; UK Davies. M. J., Heller, S., Skinner, T. C., Campbell, M. J., Carey, M. E., Cradock, S., Dallosso, H. M., Daly, H. Doherty, Y. Eaton, S. Fox, C., Oliver, L., Rantell, K., Rayman, G., Khunti, K. (2008) Effectiveness of the diabetes education and self management for ongoing and newly diagnosed (DESMOND) programme for people with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: cluster randomised controlled trial: British Medical Journal, Volume 336, No 7642 DOH (2010) BENCHMARKS FOR THE FUNDAMENTAL ASPECTS OF CARE: Benchmarks for Self Care; Essence of Care 2010 (Access 02.03.11) http://www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/@dh/@en/@ps/documents/digitalasset/dh_119968.pdf DOH (2010) Equity and Excellence: Liberating the NHS; Her Majestys Stationary Office, UK DOH. (2010) Generic Long Term Conditions Model; (Accessed online 14/02/2011) http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Healthcare/Longtermconditions/DH_120915 DOH (2005-7) RESEARCH EVIDENCE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SELF CARE SUPPORT http://www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/@dh/@en/documents/digitalasset/dh_081251.pdf DOH. (2010) Self Care Local Business Case Tool User Guide http://selfmanagement.co.uk/self-care-resources (Accessed Online 14/02/2011) DOH. (2010) Making the case for self care education: http://selfmanagement.co.uk/self-care-resources DOH (2001) The expert patient: a new approach to chronic disease management 21st century Gately, A., Rodgers, C., Sanders, A. (2007) Re-thinking the relationship between long term condition self-management education and the utilization of health services: Social science and Medicine; Volume 65, p 934-945 Farrell, K., Wicks, M, Martin, J. C. (2004) Chronic Disease Self-Management Improved with Enhanced Self-Efficacy: Journal of Clinical Nursing Research; Volume 13, No 4, p 289-308 http://cnr.sagepub.com/content/13/4/289.full.pdf+html (04.04.11) Gibson PG, Powell. H., Coughlan J., Wilson A. J., Abramson M., Haywood, P., Bauman, A, Hensley MJ, Walters, E. H. (2004) Self-management education and regular practitioner review for adults with asthma: The Cochrane Library Issue 2. Chichester: John Wiley Sons. Gillet M, Dallosso HM et al (2010) Delivering the diabetes education and self management for ongoing and newly diagnosed (DESMOND) programme for people with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: cost effectiveness analysis; British Medical Journal, Issue 341, p 4093 Glader, E. L., Stegmayr, E., Johansson, L., Wester, P. O. (2001) Differences in Long-Term Outcome Between Patients Treated in Stroke Units and in General Wards: Journal of Stroke; Volume 32, p 2124-2130 Godfrey, C. M., Harrison, C. M., Lysaght , R., lamb, M. (2011) Care of self care by other care of other: the meaning of self-care from research, practice, policy and industry perspectives: International Journal of Evidence Based Healthcare; Volume 9, Issue 1, p 3-2 Greenhalgh, T. (2007) Chronic Illness, beyond the expert patient: British Medical Journal; Vol 338, p629-31 Griffiths, C., Foster, G., Ramsay, J., Eldridge, S., Taylor, S. (2007) How effective are expert patient (lay led) education programs for chronic disease? British Medical Journal: Volume 334, p 1254-1256 Hanson, E. J., Tetley, J., Clarke, A. (2001) Respite care for frail older people and their family carers: concept analysis and user focus group findings of a pan-European nursing research project: Journal of Advanced Nursing; Volume 30, Issue 6, p1396-1407 Heller, S., Shearer, A. Bagust, D., Sanderson, A, and Roberts, S. (2004) Cost-effectiveness of flexible intensive insulin management to enable dietary freedom in people with Type 1 diabetes in the UK; Journal of Diabetic Medicine, issue 21, 460-467 Heller, R. S. (2009) Structured education in type 1 diabetes: British Journal of Diabetes Vascular Disease; Volume 9, no 6, p 269-272 http://dvd.sagepub.com/content/9/6/269.full.pdf+html (02.03.11) Help the Aged (2009) Common Assessment Framework for Adults proposals to improve information sharing around multi-disciplinary assessment and care planning Jordon, J., Osborn, R. (2007) Chronic disease self management education programs: Challenges ahead; Medical Journal of Australia, Volume 182, Issue 2, p 84-87 Keen, A., Hillson R. (2010) Six years on: delivering the Diabetes National Service Framework; Parliamentary Under State Secretary for health National Clinical Director for Diabetes; DOH (19.02.11) http://www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/@dh/@en/@ps/documents/digitalasset/dh_112511.pdf Kaptein, A. A., Klok, T., Moss-Morris, R., Brand, L. P. B. (2010) Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology: No 10, p 194-199 Kennedy, A., Reeves, D., et al (2007) The effectiveness and cost effectiveness of a national lay led self care support programme for patients with long-term conditions: a pragmatic randomised control trial J. Epidemiol. Community Health Issue 61; pages 254-261 Larsen, P., Lubkin, I. M. (2009) Chronic Illness: Impact and Intervention; 7th ed, Jones Bartlett, Canada Lindsay, S., Virjhoef, H. J. M. (2009) A sociological focus on expert patients: Health Sociology Review; Vol 18, Issue 2, p 139-144 http://www.atypon-link.com/EMP/doi/pdf/10.5555/hesr.18.2.139?cookieSet=1 Luchsinger, J. A., Tang, M., X., Stern, Y., Shea, S., Mayeux, R. (2001) Diabetes Mellitus and Risk of Alzheimers Disease and Dementia with Stroke in a Multiethnic Cohort: American Journal of Epidemiology; Volume 154, No 7, p 635-641 http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/154/7/635.full.pdf+html Michie S, Miles J, Weinmann J (2003). Patient centeredness in chronic conditions: what is it and does it matter? Patient Education and Counseling, vol 51, pp 197-206 Miller, N. (2000) Hard to swallow: Dysphagia in Parkinsons disease; Journal of Age and Ageing; Volume 35, issue 6, pages 614-618 Moore, S., Knowles, S. (2006) Beliefs and Knowledge about Parkinsons Disease: E-Journal of Applied Psychology: Clinical and Social Issues, Volume 2, Issue 1, p 15-21 Mulligan, K., Steed, L., Newman, S. (2009) Chronic Physical Illness: Self-Management and Behavioral Interventions; Open University Press, England Murphy, A. (2007) Asthma in Focus: Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain; Cornwall Newman S, Steed L, Mulligan K (2004) Self-management interventions for chronic illness Lancet, volume 364, pp 1523-37 NICE (2008) Inhaled corticosteroids for the treatment of chronic asthma in adults and in children aged 12 years and over; http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/live/11945/40099/40099.pdf NHS (2004) NHS Continuing Care Report to the House of Commons Health Committee: Stationary Office; http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/cm200405/cmselect/cmhealth/399/399i.pdf (27.03.11) Nolan, M., Delasegga, C. (2000) `I really feel Ive let him down: supporting family carers during long-term care placement for elders; Journal of Advanced Nursing, Volume 31, Issue 4 p 759-767 Orem., D. (2003) Self Care Theory in Nursing: Selected papers of Orem Springer Publishing Company Patel, A. (2003) Diabetes in Focus: Understanding inevitably leads to hope; Pharmaceutical Press, UK Rosen, R., Asaria, P., Dixon, A. (2007) Improving Chronic Disease Management, an Anglo-American Exchange: The commonwealth Fund Report; The Kings Fund Rosen, R., Corben, S. (2005) Self- Management for Long Term Conditions, Patients Perspectives on the way ahead: Managing Long Term Conditions; Working report, Kings Fund Ruppar, T. M., Conn, V. S., Russell, C. L. (2008) Medication adherence interventions for older adults: literature review: Journal of Research and Theory for Nursing Practice, Volume 22, Issue 2, p 114-147 Schlenk E. Dunbar, J., Engberg, S. (2004) Medication non-adherence among older adults: a review of strategies and interventions for improvement: Journal of Gerontological Nursing, Volume 30, Issue 2, p 46 Schrag, A., Jahanshahi, M., Quinn, N. P. 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Degradation of Blood Sourced Dna on Knives

Degradation of Blood Sourced Dna on Knives Persistence of DNA: An examination of degradation of blood sourced DNA on knives, by household substances and the forensic implications A  review of relevant and current peer-reviewed literature Contents (Jump to) Incidence of homicides Knife crime Forensic presumptive tests Phenolphthalein and Leucomalachite False positives Luminol Luminol variations False positives DNA qPCR Singleplex Multiplex RFLP STRs LCN Advancing techniques Forensic Markers General Household Cleaners Bleaches Detergent All-purpose cleaner Anti-Bacterial disinfectant Similar studies Research project outline References Figures Figure 1. Incidence of homicide victims and accused 2003-2013 Tables Table 1.  Homicide figures and methods of killing from 2003-2013 Table 2.  Homicide methods in Lothian and Borders 2006-11 Abbreviations CODIS – Combined DNA index system DNA – Deoxyribonucleic acid LCN Low copy number LMG – Leucomalachite green PCR – Polymerase chain reaction qPCR – Real time Polymerase chain reaction RFLP –Restriction fragment length polymorphisns SGM – Second generation multiplex STR – Short tandem repeat Often after an assault with a weapon, i.e. a stabbing or murder, attempts are made to clean and or dispose of the weapon used. The most readily available weapon is a knife, whether the attack is pre-planned or ‘spur of the moment’, knifes are easily available to buy and are also, part and parcel with every household i.e. kitchen. Incidence of homicides Incidences of homicide in Scotland are at the lowest point for ten years, having dropped from 109 in 2003 to 62 in 2013, as seen in Figure 1. Fig 1. Incidence of homicide victims and accused 2003-2013 (ScotGov, 2013) Table 1. Homicide figures and methods of killing from 2003-2013 (ScotGov, 2013) Table 1 shows that homicide using a sharp instrument is the most common method, at the highest point in 2010-11 was 61% and at the lowest point in 2005-06 was 35.79%. Knife crime Table 2 shows that more than half (58.2%) of the murders committed in Lothian and borders between 2006 and 2011 used a kitchen knife. Table 2. Homicide methods in Lothian and Borders 2006-11, Adapted from (Kidd, Hughes and Crichton, 2013) Forensic presumptive tests Forensic presumptive tests can be used at scenes of crimes for various reasons. They can test to see what a substance might be i.e. drugs, blood. There are various reagents available for use in the presumptive testing for the presence of blood at a crime scene, using varied types of reactions. Phenolphthalein and Leucomalachite Phenolphthalein is the main reagent used in the Kastle-Meyer presumptive test for blood. This test is mainly used one unidentifiable stains, therefore this is used upon visible (patent) samples. The Kastle-Meyer test is a catalytic method, the phenolphthalein will cause an alkaline solution to turn pink after its oxidation by peroxide when blood is present. According to (Johnston et al., 2008), it will detect blood as dilute as 1 part in 10,000. False positives There are several false positives for the test and these include according to (Virkler and Lednev, 2009) chemical oxidants and fruit and may also include vegetable peroxidases. (Garofano et al., 2006), show that the Kastle-Meyer, Phenolphthalein, test is not as sensitive to blood as Luminol, which is stated as detectable to 1 part in 10,000,000. Leucomalachite Green or LMG is another widely used catalytic method to presumptive test for blood. It works by the same principle as Kastle-Meyer with the exception of the stain being gently rubbed with filter paper containing the reagent. After no colour has developed hydrogen peroxide is again added as in Kastle-Meyer and a green colour change in this case is in indicative of the presence of Blood. Johnston et al, also state that Leucomalachite green has a sensitivity similar to that of Phenolphthalein, 1 part in 10,000. Luminol Luminol is a forensic presumptive test for latent blood, i.e. blood which cannot be seen. Crime scenes are often cleaned afterwards by the perpetrator in an attempt to hide any evidence of what had occurred. Luminol allows crime scene investigators to see the full picture at a cleaned crime scene. Webb et al, 2006, State that Luminol is known as the most sensitive of the presumptive tests currently used at crime scenes. Luminol variations According to (Patel and Hopwood, 2013) There are two more commonly used Luminol formulations. These formulations were developed by Grodsky in 1951, Luminol I, and Weber in 1961, Luminol II. Luminol I or the Grodsky formulation uses a base of sodium carbonate and sodium perborate as the oxidising agent. However Luminol II or the Weber formulation uses a base of sodium hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide as its oxidising agent. Commercial luminol products have become more readily available in the recent years and brands such as BlueStar and BlueStar Magnum and Lumiscene, have come onto the market. These products offer the advantage of being easier to prepare than the more traditional formulations. However according to (Quinones et al., 2007) The Grodsky formulation of Luminol I can have a detrimental effect on the ability to subsequently perform DNA analysis in comparison to the Weber and BlueStar alternatives. False positives Luminol’s sensitivity may be an advantage at finding the smallest drop of blood, but it is also its downfall. DNA DNA is without doubt the greatest scientific discovery of forensic use to date. PCR Akane et al., 1994 investigated the role haem from blood played in interfering with DNA and in inhibiting the polymerase chain reaction. This early study suggested that a haem-blood protein complex caused inhibition issues to the polymerase chain reaction and forwarded the investigations into a more reliable PCR technique. qPCR qPCR or real time polymerase chain reaction, RFLP RFLP or Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms STRs STRs or Short tandem repeats, are genetic markers which were first discovered in the early 1990’s. (Edwards et al., 1992) Showed that STRs were an effective tool when used for human identity testing. They showed that there were enough variation through alleles for individuals to be positively identified. STR profiling works by comparing sizes of the sample DNA STRs with standardized databased allelic ladders. New alleles are still being discovered with variations in size which may not be found in commercially available ladders. LCN (Gill et al., 2000) explain that LCN or low copy number, in a PCR amplification technique which can be applied to DNA samples with as little as Kloosterman Kersbergen, 2003, explain that ‘28 + 6’ improved efficacy of DNA sample genotyping. Their 34 cycle PCR technique instead of the normal 28 PCR cycles offered an alternative approach to genotyping forensic DNA samples, which are perhaps low quality or degraded. Low copy number analysis of DNA is not without problems. The most common issues with LCN are allelic drop-out, heterozygote imbalance, stutter peaks/products and unexpected allelic peaks. Allelic drop-out Stutter products Forensic Markers In the US a system known as CODIS is used for DNA profiling. CODIS uses 13 loci and Amelogenin. The loci used are CSF1PO, FGA, TH01, TPOX, VWA, D3S1358, D5S818, D7S820, D8S1179, D13S317, D16S539, D18S51, and D21S11. The DNA profiling system used in the UK is SGM Plus (SGM+). This system looks at 11 different loci on different chromosomes (independent inheritance) with a large number of alleles. As well as looking at Amelogenin, the sex marker, the SGM+ includes the markers D2S1338 and D19S433 along with eight CODIS overlapping loci FGA, TH01, VWA, D3S1358, D8S1179, D16S539, D18S51, and D21S11. (Cotton et al., 2000) Validated the most recent 11 loci STR DNA analysis method for use in standard forensic casework. The technique was also validated for use in casework involving > 1ng of DNA, i.e. LCN. HUMVWFA31/A (vWA) HUMTHO1 (THO1) HUMFIBRA (FGA) General Household Cleaners If you have committed a crime, disposing or destroying of the evidence is more than likely your next step. More often than not this is problem faced by forensic scientists, that a deliberate attempt to remove any of the biological material i.e. evidence, blood, using a variety of cleaning materials. Most people store their cleaning supplies in their kitchen or bathroom, so general household cleaners are to be examined. Every household will contain basic cleaning materials such as bleaches, detergents, disinfectants and perhaps multi-cleaners. Cleaning materials not only have the ability to potentially cause contamination to of any of the surviving evidence but also to degrade any DNA which may still be present on the evidence. Degradation of the DNA will make it difficult to produce and gain a profile which could be used to link the weapon to the crime. Bleaches Bleaches can cause many problems at crime scenes, thanks to the American television show Crime Scene Investigation (CSI Las Vegas) most people will know that bleach renders the forensic presumptive blood tests pretty much useless. According to (Harris et al., 2006), Out of all the cleaning products on the market bleach also has the most harmful effect on the quality of DNA available to obtain a profile. They also state that bleach seemed to cause continued degradation of the DNA over time. Common brands of household bleaches include Domestos, Harpic, Mr Muscle, Cif and Supermarket own brands. Detergent Common brands of household detergents include Fairy, Imperial leather, Carex, Daz and Bold. Anti-Bacterial disinfectant Common brands of household anti-bacterial disinfectant include Dettol, Savlon, TCP and supermarket own brands. Similar studies Research project outline This study aims to investigate whether the knife substrate has any effect on the quantity of DNA retained on the weapon after an assault; whether deliberate attempts to remove any biological material, using a variety of household cleaning materials, affect the quality and quantity of DNA that is recoverable and if DNA is recovered from a weapon, whether it was initially detected by presumptive blood tests. The knife substrates used here were, 18† Kitchen knife and 20† Serrated kitchen knife. The household cleaning materials were as follows, Bleach (Domestos), Detergent (Fairy) and Anti-Bacterial disinfectant (Dettol). Blood samples are to be applied to the blade of each knife, it should be allowed to air dry and then cleaned until no blood or residues thereof are visible. Each knife should then again be allowed to air dry and be swabbed using a double swab technique. Each cleaning material is applied to the two different knife substrates and the pairs are numbered 3-18, with knife set 1 2 being control, the initial DNA for comparison should be swabbed before the control knifes are dried and washed with warm water only. Cleaning materials should be used according to the manufacturers’ guidelines. PCR will be performed on the extracted samples using The control samples will be used to examine which was the largest contributing factor in compromising the quality and/or quantity of the sample gained. References The Scottish Government, (2013) Statistical Bulletin, Homicide in Scotland 2012-13, {Online} Available: https://alpha.scotland.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/417/Homicide_in_Scotland_2012-13_statistical_bulletin.pdf [Accessed: 02/10/2014] Cotton, E. A., Allsop, R. F., Guest, J. L., Frazier, R. R., Koumi, P., Callow, I. P., Seager, A., and Sparkes, R. L. (2000) Validation of the AMPFlSTR SGM plus system for use in forensic casework. Forensic Sci Int. Vol.112(2-3), pp.151-61. Edwards, A., Hammond, H. A., Jin, L., Caskey, C. T., and Chakraborty, R. (1992) Genetic variation at five trimeric and tetrameric tandem repeat loci in four human population groups. Genomics. Vol.12(2), pp.241-53. Garofano, L., Pizzamiglio, M., Marino, A., Brighenti, A., and Romani, F. (2006) A comparative study of the sensitivity and specifity of luminal and fluorescein on diluted and aged bloodstains and subsequent STRs typing. International Congress Series. Vol.1288(0), pp.657-659. Gill, P., Whitaker, J., Flaxman, C., Brown, N., and Buckleton, J. (2000) An investigation of the rigor of interpretation rules for STRs derived from less than 100 pg of DNA. Forensic Sci Int. Vol.112(1), pp.17-40. Harris, K. A., Thacker, C. R., Ballard, D., and Court, D. S. (2006) The effect of cleaning agents on the DNA analysis of blood stains deposited on different substrates. International Congress Series. Vol.1288(0), pp.589-591. Johnston, E., Ames, C. E., Dagnall, K. E., Foster, J., and Daniel, B. E. (2008) Comparison of presumptive blood test kits including hexagon OBTI. J Forensic Sci. Vol.53(3), pp.687-9. Kidd, S., Hughes, N., and Crichton, J. (2013) Kitchen knives and homicide: A systematic study of people charged with murder in the Lothian and Borders region of Scotland. Med Sci Law. Vol.54(3), pp.167-173. Patel, G., and Hopwood, A. (2013) An evaluation of luminol formulations and their effect on DNA profiling. Int J Legal Med. Vol.127(4), pp.723-9. Quinones, I., Sheppard, D., Harbison, S., and Elliot, D. (2007) Comparative Analysis of Luminol Formulations. Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal. Vol.40(2), pp.53-63. Virkler, K., and Lednev, I. K. (2009) Analysis of body fluids for forensic purposes: From laboratory testing to non-destructive rapid confirmatory identification at a crime scene. Forensic Science International. Vol.188(1–3), pp.1-17.

Middle Passage :: essays papers

Middle Passage The triangular trade system was so named because the ships embarked from European ports, stopped in Africa to gather captives, after which they set out for the New World to deliver their "human cargo," and then returned to the port where they had originated. The Middle Passage was that leg of the slave triangle that brought the "human cargo" from West Africa to North America, South America, and the Caribbean. Depending on ship design, weather conditions, and points of departure and arrival, the journey across the middle passage lasted from six weeks to three months. A few days before departure on the slave ships, all enslaved men, women, and children had their heads shaved, supposedly to reduce the spread of disease and facilitate hygiene. On the day of departure for the New World, they gave slaves who had been confined to the holding camps awaiting ships an "abundant" meal, signaling their last hours on their home continent of Africa. They were then stripped naked of their clothes, chained in pairs by the ankles, and taken by canoes, usually at night, to slave ships which were usually anchored in the harbors. Inside the ships, slaves were stacked and crammed into the dark and small holds, which now became their home. The conditions on slave ships repulsive, horrifying, painful, and inhumane. These peoples entire journey was primarily spent sitting on top of each other on wooden plank floors. Besides many diseases, ship holds were poorly ventilated, sometimes causing suffocation during storms when the few existing hatches had to be closed. And of course, normal bodily functions had to be done: people used the restroom, bled, vomited, coughed, sneezed, died, etc., all in the holds of slave ships. In addition to the stench of slave ships, the practice of throwing dead and dying slaves overboard brought sharks from miles around to feed on the bodies. Many people committed suicide by jumping overboard or hanging themselves with any available rope. It has been said that "if the Atlantic Ocean were to dry up today, there would be a trail of human bones stretching from Africa to the Americ as.

Educating Exceptionally Talented Students Essay -- Special Education

Concern for at-risk learners forces the education of high ability learners to take a backseat in traditional classroom. Standard instruction and curriculum based on a pacing and sequencing method does not always allow students to accelerate. By definition, the term â€Å"gifted† exemplifies exceptionality often regarding intellect, creativity and leadership. An identification of gifted suggests that an individual requires specialized services and curriculum that are not always addressed by traditional methods of education. High ability learners require a challenging curriculum and specialized educators to prosper academically. The negligence in discharging one’s exceptionality can often lead high-ability learners to foster resentment, boredom and frustration. Traditional instruction and curriculum is not always structured to benefit the needs of exceptional learners. Gifted education programs are essential in educating exceptionally talented students due to the indivi dualized approach toward a student’s unique learning-style. Self -contained gifted classrooms offer a structured environment that allow for social and intellectual growth opposed to the traditional classroom. The inherent flexibility within the gifted program facilitates gifted development of a high-ability learner through acceleration and enrichment. Self-contained gifted classrooms serve as a school within-a-school segregating exceptional learners from the traditional classroom and curriculum. This offers a more individualized approach towards learning and instruction required in adapting to the unique abilities and learning styles of a gifted student. Homogenous classrooms of gifted students allows for accommodations of content, instruction and environment creati... ...litate intellectual and social growth due to the inherent flexibility which adequately accommodates for diverse learning styles. High ability learners deserve the same amount monitoring and guidance as underachieving students. Gifted programs are targeted at rendering an affective curriculum that challenges high-ability learners where as some traditional classrooms exercise pacing and sequential methods. Through a self-contained gifted classroom one receives the individualized attention and guidance needed to reach full potential. Works Cited Refrences Acceleration. (2004). Retrieved from http://www.nagc.org/index.aspx?id=383 Delcourt, M.A.B., Cornell, D.G.,& Goldberg, M.D. (2007). Cognitive and affective learning outcomes of gifted elementary school students. Gifted Child Quarterly, 51 (4), 359-381. from Research Library. (Document ID: 1390043111).

Telecommuting and Human Resources Essay -- GCSE Business Marketing Cou

Telecommuting and Human Resources Introduction On September 20, 1994, some 32,000 AT&T employees stayed home. They weren’t sick or on strike. They were telecommuting. Employees ranging from the CEO to phone operators were part of an experiment that involved 100,000 people. It’s purpose? To explore how far a vast organization could go in transforming the workplace by moving the work to the worker instead of the worker to work. Today AT&T is just one of many organizations pioneering the alternative workplace (AW-also known as telecommuting) – the combination of nontraditional work practices, settings, and locations that is beginning to supplement traditional offices (Apgar, 121). According to IDC/Link Resources, New York, approximately 8 million Americans currently telecommute. A survey conducted by Olsten Corp., Melville, N.Y., reports that 62 percent of North American companies encourage telecommuting (Riggs, 46). In addition, research shows about 50% of all employees either have a job that lends itself to telecommuting or want to get involved in telecommuting. Most researchers agree that telecommuting growth is fastest in companies employing more than 1,000 and in those with under 10 employees (Harler, 26). Current Situation Telecommuting came into existence out of necessity. First, increasing global competition has brought pressures and opportunities to businesses, consultants, and service vendors. As a result, the Yankee Group predicts that as many as 80 percent of all employers will have to adopt remote work in order to compete in world markets by mid-to late nineties (Manire, 51). Second, the Information Age necessitates that companies move faster and thus act and react to business conditions sooner. Third, telecommuting has been increasingly enforced at state and federal levels due to the Clean Air Act (CAA) of 1970, as amended in 1990. The CAA affects any firm with over 100 employees in areas with â€Å"severe ozone attainment levels†, which covers every good-sized city in the nation (Harler, 27). The Impact of the Internet on Telecommuting The Internet is widely becoming part of the plan when implementing and integrating telecommuting solutions. The Internet can add a powerful dimension to the management of both internal and external information functions and strengthen the organization’s human resource management informa... ...ivity remains an objective for management as we approach 2000. But we realize today that significant gains in productivity may not be achieved not through division of labor but by creating mechanisms for people to communicate more effectively and to manage information more efficiently. Bibliography: Apgar IV, Mahlon. (May/Jun 1998). â€Å"The alternative workplace: Changing where and how people work†, Harvard Business Review, pp-121-130. Berhard, Frank. (March 15, 1998). â€Å"Upside economics of telecommuting†, America’s Network, pp20-23. Harler, Curt. (March 15, 1998). â€Å"The good, the bad and the fattening†, America’s Network, pp26-28. Hein, Kenneth. (May 1997). â€Å"Virtually always at work†, Incentive, p9. Kuzmits, Frank and Santos, Brian. (Spring 1997). â€Å"The Internet: A key tool for today’s human resource professional†, S.A.M Advanced Management Journal, pp33-39. Manire, Ross W. (January 1997). â€Å"Remote access: The â€Å"drive to work† in the information age†, Telecommunications, pp50-55. Riggs, Lynn. (June 1997). â€Å"New approaches to management†, Credit Union Management, pp46-48. Thompson, Courtenay. (October 1998). â€Å"Telecommuting exposures†, The Internal Auditor, p67.

American Vinyl Products

Allocate our resources? 3 methods to decide 1. Tradition been used for the longest period of time by all countries traditions used in US allocate our resources to aid the most needed like in hospital emergency room services allocate concrete tickets, first come first serve 40 hours a week Seniority Getting off a sinking boat, women and children first, then the men, then the crew, last is the captain Advantages: 2.Political system or Political method let the government decide such as kings and queens public goods and goods with externalities Advantages: Market system – supply and demand Hasn't been around as long as other two, relatively new Whoever has the money to pay for the product gets it first Most used method Allocated to where the profit is, follows the money most efficient of the 3, others rely on other values like being fair because of most attention to opportunity cost, what am I giving up for what I am doing least wasteful f resources How do you decide?Tradition â⠂¬â€œ promise and obligations Efficiency – money, getting the most for your money Have to do it because someone told u like your boss or parents Opportunity cost: how much you lost because you did something else. Went to Chicago and didn't work so lost work money 9/8/14 – Opportunity cost (Chip 1) Opportunity cost graph – (Production Possibility curve) Wheat Grapes Point A: Availably but not efficient Points should be on curve or inside Our land, from hills to flat.

Hamptonshire Express

Arjun R. Sabhaya Production 529 Hamptonshire indicate October 16, 2012 problem 1 A. The simulated blend in precondition in the outstrip spreadsheet Hamptonshire posit conundrum_1 awards the uptaker to unwrap the best beat of compositions to be posted at the impudently formed Hamptonshire Express periodical Newspaper. Anna glimmer imagined the daily supplicate of newspaper publishers to be on a normal stock dispersion stating that daily demand leave fool a represent of 500 newspapers per solar day with a old-hat deviation of c newspapers per day.Using the function provided, the optimum stocking cadence, which maximizes judge mesh, is determined to be approximately 584 newspapers. If 584 newspapers were to be order, Hamptonshire Express testament net an judge receipts of $331. 436 per day with an judge fill rate of 98%. Any line ordered above 584 will produce a wrong of cyberspace collec remand to stocking inventory oer pass judgment demand cause an imbalance amidst the gains and losses receiv adequate to(p) to the respective overage and pocket-size appeals. The confuse below outlines the optimal amount of daily expect gain ground. clamss rise until the 584 newspaper curb any potential emergence in amount of money stocked will decline daily expected realize for every(prenominal) newspaper ordered above 584. Stocking measuring Daily evaluate Profit 575 newspapers 331. 323 576 newspapers 331. 347 577 newspapers 331. 369 578 newspapers 331. 387 579 newspapers 331. 403 580 newspapers 331. 415 581 newspapers 331. 425 582 newspapers 331. 431 583 newspapers 331. 435 584 newspapers 331. 436 585 newspapers 331. 435 586 newspapers 331. 430 587 newspapers 331. 423 588 newspapers 331. 413 89 newspapers 331. 400 590 newspapers 331. 385 Calculations Cr=cu/cu+co where Cr= critical ratio. Cu=1-0. 2=. 8 Co=0. 2 Therefore, Cr= . 8/. 8+. 2=. 8 which is equal to . 84 (z value) on the standard normal statistical distri a ndion function table. To find the optimal stocking quantity that maximizes expected moolah, we will use taut and standard deviation in formula shown Q=mean +z*(SD) 500+. 84* ascorbic acid=584. B. Using the Newsvendor Formula given over(p), Q=? +? -1(Cu/Cu+Co )? , where Q=optimal quantity ?= mean of expected demand ?= standard distribution of expected demand -1= the inverse of the standard normal distribution function Cu= pocket-sized speak tos (Sale terms terms), or ($1. 00-$0. 20) Co= overage costs (cost allay value), or ($0. 20 $0), We can estimate the optimal stock quantity. The values render us to input the z statistic, and the overage/ small costs in the given equation to derive the equation and resolving power shown below. The output of the Newsvendor equation, while different than the excel function (due to rounding error), is ordered with the optimal stocking quantity found by the Excel gravel. Q= 500+ (. 8601)-1*(. 80/. 80 + . 20) * 100 = 593. 1244 PROBLEM 2 A. The given simulation model in the Excel spreadsheet Hamptonshire Express hassle_2 allows the user to find the optimal number of hours per day to be invested into creating the visibleness section to maximize expected win for the Hamptonshire Express Daily Newspaper. looking at at the table below, Anna can blow over 4 hours, where (H=4), Hours Spent (H) Optimal Expected Profit 2. 00 $367. 91 2. 25 $368. 84 2. 50 $369. 58 2. 75 $370. 17 3. 00 $370. 61 3. 25 $370. 94 3. 50 $371. 16 3. 75 $371. 29 4. 00 $371. 33 4. 25 $371. 29 4. 50 $371. 18 4. 75 $371. 01 5. 0 $370. 77 B. Anna twinklings choice of effort is at the point where the marginal cost of expenditure the extra age to develop the write section = marginal benefit of outlay the extra time to develop the indite section or the point where remuneration is maximized. If she transcends the extra time to develop the profile section past where marginal cost = marginal benefit, she wont be able to create enough demand fo r her newspaper, but if she spends less(prenominal) time than where marginal cost = marginal benefit, she wont have a choice newspaper and misses out on additional barters, which stretchs to change magnitude winnings.To find the optimal dough level, you would mold $10 = to the marginal benefit, or $10= ((0. 8 *50) / (2h)) and solve for H which = 4 hours. C. Using a table to discriminate the difference between problem 1 and problem 2, respectively, we can see the overt differences between the optimal stocking quantity and daily expected profit figures. Stocking amount Daily Expected Profit 1 584 331. 44 2 685 371. 33 The stocking quantity and expected profits are higher in the second scenario because of the extra time pass to improve the calibre of profile section.By expending the extra time to improve the profile section, Anna blaze make up the overall quality of her newspaper, which will, most likely, lead to an increased prospect of demand for her newspaper around the area. This increased demand will raise Anna glistenings stocking quantity and the daily expected profits that are associated with that individual stocking quantity. conundrum 3 A. Assuming the number of hours Anna glistering will spend developing the profile section will = 4 Ralph Armentrouts optimal stocking quantity is 516, as pictured in the table below Stocking Quantity Daily Expected Profit 513 62. 131 14 62. 139 515 62. 143 516 62. 145 517 62. 144 518 62. 140 519 62. 133 520 62. 124 B. Ralph Armentrouts optimal stocking quantity is less than Anna splendours in chore 2 due to the retailing extension of the bring chain. Armentrouts overage cost ($0. 80 as he acquires them from blaze disconfirming $0 of salvage value) is higher than his underage cost ($0. 20 $1 sale price minus $0. 80 acquire cost). Due to this, Armentrout has less room than glimmer for a profit margin fashioning it a higher risk for him to tend a greater amount of inventory, which at last affe cts the fill rate of the supply chain.C. The optimal time spend to improve the quality of the profile section is determined by the table below The profit gleam will stand to make in the combined supply chain is optimal at 2. 25 hours spent per day. gleamings profit rises with each 15 minute interval until 2 hours and 15 minutes is reached. The marginal benefit, from the additional time spent to improve the paper, will increase expected demand of newspaper, however, if too practically time is spent, the marginal costs, associated with the additional time, will outweigh the associated marginal benefits.Expected demand is more(prenominal) than resistant to high levels of time spent, fundamentally, glitter is hurting profits above 2. 25 hours spent per day on improvements. sheens optimal amount of hours spent is confab, in this tell seam, as compared to business 2, due to glistenings g demoralize marginal benefit be trustworthy due to the split supply chain. It wouldnt make sense for Sheen to spend more time to improve her newspaper if she has to split a percentage of the profits with Armentrout. Due to this, she will put less effort in and get more anticipation of demand.D. Transfer P Stocking Q Profit Ralphs P Annas P Annas E Fill drift . 70 510 333 104 229. 38 1. 563 89% .75 501 327 81 246. 64 1. 891 87% .79 493 321 62 259. 11 2. 176 86% .80 491 319 57 262. 10 2. 25 85% .81 488 317 53 264. 42 2. 326 85% .85 478 308 34 274. 29 2. 641 83% .90 459 292 11 280. 68 3. 063 79% If the transfer price, from Sheen to Armentrout, would decrement, Armentrout would ultimately gain a large marginal benefit out of the get deal with Sheen.Due to the increase of Armentrouts profit margin, he would tend to stock more newspapers, which would increase the supply chains fill rate. However, this, in turn, would cause Sheens profits, from the deal, to change magnitude and would ultimately lower her motivation to improve the newspaper, which leads to a decrease in expected demand and loss of potential profits. E. Efforts and stocking levels will be lower in a differentiated channel than in an integrated firm due to the multiple entities that are present in the supply chain.The multiple retailing and manufacturing entities, in the supply chain, allow the profits to be split by percentage earlier than toted to one firm who does some(prenominal) functions. difficulty 4 A. The optimal stocking quantity for Armentrout, in this scenario, was determined to be 409 newspapers as shown by the table below The optimal stocking quantity is lower at 409, in this scenario, as compared to 516 in Problem 3a. The optimal stocking quantity is lower, because Armentrout has an alternative to The Express with Ralphs Private Eye.B. The stocking quantity mainly differs from Problem 1, 2, and 3, because Armentrout underage costs have decreased, in this scenario, due to the consumers alternative to purchase Private when Express has a stock out to consumers. How ever, there are study differences that one should consider. The first two problems use an integrated point of view, as related to to the supply chain, which allows for a higher optimal stocking quantity. On the other hand, Problems 3 and 4 use a differentiated channel.However, In Problem 3, while Armentrout tried to lay aside risk low by gild a lower optimal stocking quantity, which was furnish by his low expected margins (due to his unhinged underage and overage costs), Armentrouts optimal stocking quantity changes when Private is introduced into the mix. In Problem 4, Armentrout makes more profit on Private, but there is a lower expectation of demand for Private. Due to this, he essential still stock Express to maximize profits. To demonstrate this phenomenon, which will ultimately decrease optimal stocking quantity, the new overage cost would have to be curing. In the Problem 4 scenario, Co= $0. 0 40% * $0. 40 = $0. 16. The Newsvendor model will also allow one to catch a t these conclusions. C. Armentrouts overage cost would increase by $. 03 to $. 83, while his underage costs would be $. 01. (New Express profit $. 17 New Private profit $. 16) The imbalance would reduce the critical ratio, which would lead to a reduction of the optimal stocking quantity to a decently lower amount. Problem 5 A. The buy-back price initiative allows Sheen to drop Armentrouts overage costs, which leads to an increase in his optimal stocking quantity and a win-win situation for Sheen and Armentrout.If Sheen would set the buy-back price at $. 75, this would maximize the total supply chains profits as shown in the table below. At $. 75, Armentrouts optimal stocking quantity would be 659 newspapers. B. The combination of buy-back price and transfer price is roughly $1. 02 and $1. 025, respectively, as shown in the table below. The optimal level of expected profit is maximized when Sheen, the manufacturing business, in this scenario, has a high expected profit margin, while Armentrout, the retailer, has a nix expected profit.Armentrout is basically a non-factor in this supply chain and allows this scenario to act as one integrated chain although technically it is differentiated. C. The fixed franchise fee would not be factored into Armentrouts overage and underage costs, so it wouldnt have an event on his stocking decisions. If Sheen were able to impose a franchise fee to Armentrout, however, she would not have a reason to portion out newspapers at all, since her profits would be climax from franchising rather than newspaper sales.Problem 6 A. The VMI proposal would allow Sheen to be able to establish the optimal levels of effort and allow her to set the optimal stocking quantity in relation to her maximizing the difference between her marginal benefits and her marginal costs basically she is in control of the stocking decision rights of the Express to maximize total profits. Since she has control over stocking quantity, Armentrout could not make much of a profit using a differentiated supply chain model.However, due to proposed slotting allowance, Armentrout has the power to make more of a profit than he would have battling against Sheen for stocking rights of the Express, if he would go for more of an integrated model and allow Sheen to control the Express. B. Since Armentrout would not care about sales instantly (due to him collecting a slotting fee disregardless of a sale or not), under the VMI plan versus the differentiated model, Armentrout capacity drop away potential sales he might have gotten if he had a enunciate in the daily stocking quantity of the Express.If Armentrout had the receive to make a potential profit off of the consumers, he might chasten harder to pay attention to demand. Because of this reality of manufacturer versus retailer, Sheen might not recognise the local demand of the area as well as Armentrout, due to him being the ground level retailer and witnessing the knowing changes in daily de mand.

HRM 592 Week 5 Mini Paper Essay

Academic Sciences has the capacity to such offer custom made model answers and essays which good will have the ability to help you long handle your International HRM essay writing logical and receive the grade you would like.Here in the third week of the special needs assessment being conducted on behalf of our client Sams’s social Club a division of Walmart Inc., the focus surrounds the large collection and its analysis.Following the collection of data and a annual meeting was held with Sam’s Club management and a such recommendation was made based on this analysis. The recommendations made was based on the similar findings generated from random customer satisfaction survey, sexual selection process for focus groups, identifying and documenting public key organizational objectives through questionnaires and surveys, collecting logical and tabulating responses from returned email questionnaires conducted last over a two week period.Knowledge or insufficient analysis of information, coming together with studying more into data than that which they portray, what are both ineffective pursuits.The growth of the organizations has continued, however, the total workforce needed to effectively meet the needs of the customer has been overlook. Based on the employee surveys, workers feel overworked, undervalued, underpaid, unclear promotional pathway, especially females. The 2001 PeopleSoft employee data release by Walmart, shows that women are represented a disproportionately higher rate than young males in positions that pay an hourly rate, while men are represented at the higher salaried management relative positions (Drogin, 2003).ReferencesBerr, J.

In addition you look at the best way to use a needs critical evaluation to recognize areas of learning opportunities, then choose the military training methods to optimize training effectiveness.aspx?post=32a76b45-56ae-48d4-999e-05d807af1ca8 Lifestyle Statistics > Walmart Stores > Number of SAM’S CLUBS (most recent) by state . (2013). Retrieved October 11, 2013, from http://www.statemaster.Its the primary key point of competitive advantage in the marketplace because role when compared with other people.Ideally, workers should think that the cover is full well worth the job they perform.

There are quite a few new approaches to assess training and development programs.As a consequence, senior management has.The next could be included by the strategy.Youll want to learn a lot about it.

Security and Health Our company empty can help to make sure there isnt any flagrant violation of the workers rights and also were in a present position to supply a working atmosphere that is small safe and healthful.Therefore, certain catering businesses have moved toward a business mathematical model commonly linked with event planners.He will find a term unpublished paper .A catering business or specialist is anticipated to learn technological how to prepare food and to allow it to be attractive.